This book examines the existing myths regarding the historical views of women in India: (a) that women in early India were a homogenous category; (b) that the dharmauastras (ancient scripture on code of conduct) are the foundational documents of 'Hindu' way of life, responsible for tightening the noose around the lives of women in India; and (c) that the dharmauastras are the representative texts of Indian tradition, seeking to protect Indian women under specific historical circumstances. The book also argues that gender relations were shaped and manifested differently across different regions and cultures in early India, and that the dharmauastras may neither be considered as "foundational documents" nor can they be considered as "representative texts" of Indian tradition. The dharmauastras were only one of the many genres of literature produced in ancient India.

Gender in Modern India brings together pioneering research on a range of themes including social reforms, caste, and contestations; Adivasis, patriarchy, and colonialism; capitalism, political economy, and labour; masculinity and sexuality; health, medical care, and institution building; culture and identity; and migration and its new dynamics. Commissioned in remembrance of the prolific social historian Biswamoy Pati, this volume examines the gender question through a multilayered and multi-dimensional frame in which interdisciplinarity and intersectionality play an important role. Using case studies on gender from diverse geographies?east, west, north, south, and northeast; community locations?Hindu, Muslim, and Christian; and marginalized socio-economic or ethnic habitations such as those of Dalits and Adivasis, the contributors highlight the complexities and diversities of women's negotiations of patriarchies in varied social, ethnic, and community contexts. Collectively, the chapters in this volume focus on three related and overlapping settings?colonial, colonial and postcolonial continuum, and postcolonial. They delineate the multiple lives of gender by focusing on its intersections with other markers of difference including race, class, caste, sexuality, culture, ethnicity, region, and occupation, thereby questioning stereotypes, challenging dated notions and interpretations of gender, and demonstrating the ubiquity of patriarchy.

Women In Early Indian Societies Is An Anthology Of Articles And Excerpts From Leading Works On The Theme. There Is A Special Focus On Issues And Perspectives In Historical Writings, On The Material Underpinnings Of Gender Relations, Socio-Sexual Construction Of Gender And The Complex Relationship Between Women And Religious Traditions. The Introductory Essay And Bibliography Contextualise The Themes Which Are Explored And Suggest Possibilities For Future Research.

Papers mostly presented at various seminars; some previously published.

Women, Gender and History in India examines Indian history through a thematic lens of women and gender across different contexts. Through an inter-disciplinary approach, Nita Kumar uses sources from literature, folklore, religion, and art to discuss historical and anthropological ways of interpreting the issues surrounding women and gender in history. As part of the scholarly movement away from a Grand Narrative of South Asian history and culture, this volume places emphasis on the diversity of women and their experiences. It does this by including analyses of many different primary sources together with discussion around a wide variety of theoretical and methodological debates – from the mixed role of colonial law and education to the conundrum of a patriarchy that worships the Goddess while it strives to keep women in subservience. This textbook is essential reading for those studying Indian history and women and gender studies.

Beyond the 'Woman Question' both revisits and interrogates some of the central tenets of the 'woman question' as it emerged in colonial India and shaped (and continues to shape) subsequent historiography. These include issues of women's access to resources, ritual 'rights', and locations within the family, primarily relating to an unmarked category of upper-caste/class women. In terms of chronology, the essays range from the mid-first millennium BCE to the turn of the first/ second millennium CE. Spatially, they deal with regions as diverse as Kashmir, and parts of north and central India. Using a wide range of sources--inscriptional and visual as well as normative and narrative texts--this book contends that gender identities were not monolithic, even as elite women seem to be the most visible/accessible. The issues explored include participation in gift exchanges and their economic, social, political and cultural significance; the construction of gender identities through rituals; and the representation of gender relations in literary traditions. Collectively, the volume contributes to the growing body of historical research on gender relations in early India.

Beyond the 'Woman Question' both revisits and interrogates some of the central tenets of the 'woman question' as it emerged in colonial India and shaped (and continues to shape) subsequent historiography. These include issues of women's access to resources, ritual 'rights', and locations within the family, primarily relating to an unmarked category of upper-caste/class women. In terms of chronology, the essays range from the mid-first millennium BCE to the turn of the first/ second millennium CE. Spatially, they deal with regions as diverse as Kashmir, and parts of north and central India. Using a wide range of sources--inscriptional and visual as well as normative and narrative texts--this book contends that gender identities were not monolithic, even as elite women seem to be the most visible/accessible. The issues explored include participation in gift exchanges and their economic, social, political and cultural significance; the construction of gender identities through rituals; and the representation of gender relations in literary traditions. Collectively, the volume contributes to the growing body of historical research on gender relations in early India.

This book analyses the diverse ways in which women have been represented in the Purāṇic traditions in ancient India – the virtuous wife, mother, daughter, widow, and prostitute – against the socio-religious milieu around CE 300–1000. Purāṇas (lit. ancient narratives) are brahmanical texts that largely fall under the category of socio-religious literature which were more broad-based and inclusive, unlike the Smṛtis, which were accessible mainly to the upper sections of society. In locating, identifying, and commenting on the multiplicity of the images and depictions of women’s roles in Purāṇic traditions, the author highlights their lives and experiences over time, both within and outside the traditional confines of the domestic sphere. With a focus on five Mahāpurāṇas that deal extensively with the social matrix Viṣṇu, Mārkaṇḍeya Matsya, Agni, and Bhāgavata Purāṇas, the book explores the question of gender and agency in early India and shows how such identities were recast, invented, shaped, constructed, replicated, stereotyped, and sometimes reversed through narratives. Further, it traces social consequences and contemporary relevance of such representations in marriage, adultery, ritual, devotion, worship, fasts, and pilgrimage. This volume will be of interest to researchers and scholars in women and gender studies, ancient Indian history, religion, sociology, literature, and South Asian studies, as also the informed general reader.

First published in 1882, Tarabai Shinde's A Comparison between Women and Men is an invaluable first-hand source for the way colonial rule shaped Indian women's and gender history. Beautifully translated here by Rosalind O'Hanlon, her text is joined by a substantial interpretive essay linking it to broader issues in the Indian women's movement.