Gender Earnings Gap in German Firms

Gender Earnings Gap in German Firms
Author :
Publisher :
Total Pages : 42
Release :
ISBN-10 : OCLC:1290311901
ISBN-13 :
Rating : 4/5 (01 Downloads)

Synopsis Gender Earnings Gap in German Firms by : Anja Heinze

Most existing analyses on the gender wage gap (GWG) have neglected the establishment as a place where inequality between male and female employees arises and is maintained. The use of linked employee-employer data permits us to move beyond the individual and consider the importance of the workplace to explain gender pay differentials. That is, we first provide a comprehensive study on the effects of various firm characteristics and the institutional framework on the GWG in Germany. The innovation of our research is that we do not just compare average male and female wages (of specific groups of employees), but look at within-firm gender wage differentials. Our results indicate that the mean GWG within firms is smaller than the average overall GWG. Furthermore, we can show that firms with formalized co-determination (works council) and those covered by collective wage agreements are more likely to have smaller GWG. It is also interesting to note that the wage differential between men and women decreases with firm size and increases with the wage level.

Gender Equality at Work The Role of Firms in the Gender Wage Gap in Germany

Gender Equality at Work The Role of Firms in the Gender Wage Gap in Germany
Author :
Publisher : OECD Publishing
Total Pages : 81
Release :
ISBN-10 : 9789264488540
ISBN-13 : 9264488545
Rating : 4/5 (40 Downloads)

Synopsis Gender Equality at Work The Role of Firms in the Gender Wage Gap in Germany by : OECD

The review analyses gender differences in job mobility and the earnings consequences of career breaks following childbirth to shed light on the evolution of the gender wage gap across the working life. To put results for Germany in context, they are systematically benchmarked to those of four nearby countries (i.e. Denmark, France, the Netherlands and Sweden). The policy discussion extends the empirical analysis by putting forward a comprehensive policy package with an emphasis on policies targeted at firms.

Pay Transparency, Workplace Norms, and Gender Pay Gap

Pay Transparency, Workplace Norms, and Gender Pay Gap
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Publisher :
Total Pages : 0
Release :
ISBN-10 : OCLC:1378816598
ISBN-13 :
Rating : 4/5 (98 Downloads)

Synopsis Pay Transparency, Workplace Norms, and Gender Pay Gap by : Sebastian Seitz

We study the 2018 German Pay Transparency policy which allows employees in establishments with more than 200 workers, to ask their employers for information about the average earnings of their opposite-gender coworkers who do "equal work". Using an event study design and matched employer-employee data, we show that the policy had no discernible effects on male and female wages, thus leaving the gender wage gap unchanged. Using survey evidence, we further show that only 1% of men and 2.7% of women had asked their employers for information in the previous year. We find that workers were not willing to ask for information either because they believed that there was no significant gender pay gap at their workplaces or because they were apprehensive of hurting their "image". We argue that transparency, as enacted in Germany, placed an additional barrier to information access by requiring workers to seek out information instead of mandating firms to disclose data.

A Comparison of Job Opportunities for Women in Germany and the UK

A Comparison of Job Opportunities for Women in Germany and the UK
Author :
Publisher : GRIN Verlag
Total Pages : 56
Release :
ISBN-10 : 9783656666837
ISBN-13 : 3656666830
Rating : 4/5 (37 Downloads)

Synopsis A Comparison of Job Opportunities for Women in Germany and the UK by : Rieke Hinrichs

Bachelor Thesis from the year 2013 in the subject Business economics - Business Management, Corporate Governance, grade: First Class, New College Durham (New College Durham/ Leeds Metropolitan University), language: English, abstract: The purpose of this project was to analyse to what extent gender equality has been achieved, which barriers still exist in female employment and to evaluate opportunities for women in the UK in comparison to those in Germany. The author reviewed a wide array of sources, such as studies, laws and articles, but the main analysis was done on the basis of extensive data that has been collected by the OECD and the World Economic Forum. Based on those findings, gender gaps concerning labour force participation, occupational sectors and types of work as well as wages and pensions were identified for both countries. More specifically this paper provides information on the main barriers for women in employment, the most important of which are maledominated corporate cultures and discrimination. Especially mothers experience barriers, like the lack of affordable childcare, insufficient flexible working options, or the fact that people who use those are disadvantaged as well as unequal contribution of unpaid work and childcare, despite laws that allow fathers to participate more in family life. During the whole project, the applicability of theories such as the ‘Glass Ceiling’, the ‘Sticky Floor’ or the ‘Opt-Out Revolution’ has been tested in order to identify reasons for inequality. Furthermore, measures which have already been taken against the existing barriers were described, and some that could be taken in the future were suggested. Differences between conditions for women in Germany and the UK have been analysed, compared and evaluated, with the result that the UK offers slightly better chances, but both countries achieve quite different results in particular categories. Depending on which aspects a woman puts emphasis on, this thesis can help to decide which country is best to live and raise a family in.

Women in Management and the Gender Pay Gap

Women in Management and the Gender Pay Gap
Author :
Publisher :
Total Pages : 0
Release :
ISBN-10 : OCLC:1390727549
ISBN-13 :
Rating : 4/5 (49 Downloads)

Synopsis Women in Management and the Gender Pay Gap by : Virginia Sondergeld

We analyze the impact of women's managerial representation on the gender pay gap among employees on the establishment level using German Linked-Employer-Employee- Data from the years 2004 to 2018. For identification of a causal effect we employ a panel model with establishment fixed effects and industry-specific time dummies. Our results show that a higher share of women in management significantly reduces the gender pay gap within the firm. An increase in the share of women in first-level management e.g. from zero to above 33 percent decreases the adjusted gender pay gap from a baseline of 15 percent by 1.2 percentage points, i.e. to roughly 14 percent. The effect is stronger for women in second-level than first-level management, indicating that women managers with closer interactions with their subordinates have a higher impact on the gender pay gap than women on higher management levels. The results are similar for East and West Germany, despite the lower gender pay gap and more gender egalitarian social norms in East Germany. From a policy perspective, we conclude that increasing the number of women in management positions has the potential to reduce the gender pay gap to a limited extent. However, further policy measures will be needed in order to fully close the gender gap in pay.

Gender Equality at Work Pay Transparency Tools to Close the Gender Wage Gap

Gender Equality at Work Pay Transparency Tools to Close the Gender Wage Gap
Author :
Publisher : OECD Publishing
Total Pages : 134
Release :
ISBN-10 : 9789264942394
ISBN-13 : 9264942394
Rating : 4/5 (94 Downloads)

Synopsis Gender Equality at Work Pay Transparency Tools to Close the Gender Wage Gap by : OECD

Despite big societal changes, and many labour market, educational and public policy initiatives, women are still paid less than men. This report presents the first stocktaking of pay transparency tools across OECD countries and explores how such policies can help level the playing field for women and men at work.

Equal Pay in Europe?

Equal Pay in Europe?
Author :
Publisher : Palgrave Macmillan
Total Pages : 276
Release :
ISBN-10 : 1349265616
ISBN-13 : 9781349265619
Rating : 4/5 (16 Downloads)

Synopsis Equal Pay in Europe? by : Jill Rubery

The gender pay implications of payment structures in three European countries, the UK, Italy and Germany, are explored through case studies of nine organisations. Payment practices are found to be embedded within country-specific employment systems and the detailed case studies reveal how different systems result in different levels and forms of gender pay inequality, affecting different groups of women workers. This exploration of payment practices at both the country and the organisation level reveals the variety of obstacles that still exist to the implementation of equal pay.

Global Wage Report 2018/19

Global Wage Report 2018/19
Author :
Publisher :
Total Pages : 179
Release :
ISBN-10 : 9220313464
ISBN-13 : 9789220313466
Rating : 4/5 (64 Downloads)

Synopsis Global Wage Report 2018/19 by : International Labour Office

The 2018/19 edition analyses the gender pay gap. The report focuses on two main challenges: how to find the most useful means for measurement, and how to break down the gender pay gap in ways that best inform policy-makers and social partners of the factors that underlie it. The report also includes a review of key policy issues regarding wages and the reduction of gender pay gaps in different national circumstances.

Gender Inequality in the Life Course

Gender Inequality in the Life Course
Author :
Publisher : Transaction Publishers
Total Pages : 180
Release :
ISBN-10 : 0202366243
ISBN-13 : 9780202366241
Rating : 4/5 (43 Downloads)

Synopsis Gender Inequality in the Life Course by : Hannah Brückner

How do women fare in a society that is characterized by a set of institutions that promote income stability over the life course and thereby maintain and even amplify status difference? Using recently issued public files of social security records with longitudinal earnings data of well over half a million persons, this book describes gender inequality in earnings and labor market participation in contemporary Germany between 1975 and 1995. Because of the advanced industrial base of Germany, its relevance to other nations at the high end of production and consumer indices becomes apparent. Brückner's work is a unique combination of empirical and theoretical work. She takes seriously the effect of marriage status on labor supply and wages: married men work more and earn more, while married women work less and earn less. But to this rather conventional measure she introduces a second important consideration: the life course, multiple social contexts that help explain the unfolding of social action and economic status. In this way the family becomes a critical factor in explaining such crucial sources of inequality as tax laws, property transference, and transfer payments--and how these are regulated by the welfare state. The results from a life course analysis are contrasted with cross-sectional trends and a traditional lifecycle model to show that much depends in part on the data and methods used to explore it. The work closes with a solid social scientific analysis of systems choices: the private market in contrast to the social democratic welfare state solution. While recognizing that the latter is a direct effort at resolving the gender gap in wages and welfare, Professor Brückner also appreciates that there are high costs to the overall economy, not the least being a taxation that erodes the earning power of families and individuals as a whole, and hence is less of a solution than the spreading of the problem.

The Role of Firms in Wage Inequality Policy Lessons from a Large Scale Cross-Country Study

The Role of Firms in Wage Inequality Policy Lessons from a Large Scale Cross-Country Study
Author :
Publisher : OECD Publishing
Total Pages : 186
Release :
ISBN-10 : 9789264900226
ISBN-13 : 9264900225
Rating : 4/5 (26 Downloads)

Synopsis The Role of Firms in Wage Inequality Policy Lessons from a Large Scale Cross-Country Study by : OECD

Even though firms play a key role in shaping wages, wage inequality and the gender wage gap, firms have so far only featured to a limited extent in the policy debates around these issues. The evidence in this volume shows that around one third of overall wage inequality can be explained by gaps in pay between firms rather than differences in the level and returns to workers’ skills.