This Standard specifies the requirements of service, design, manufacture, and testing of electronic equipment, as well as basic hardware and software requirements considered necessary for durable and reliable equipment. Additional requirements in other standards or specifications may complement this Standard, if applicable. List of subclauses of this Standard in which agreement between the parties is mentioned is detailed in Appendix B. This Standard applies to all electronic equipment for control, regulation, protection, supply, etc. installed on rail vehicles (including subway and urban rail vehicle).The equipment may be powered by the batteries or generators of vehicles or powered by a low-voltage power supply with or without a direct connection to the contact system (transformer, voltage divider and auxiliary power supply).For the purposes of this Standard, electronic equipment is defined as equipment mainly composed of semiconductor devices and recognized associated components. These components will mainly be mounted on printed boards. Note: sensors (current, voltage, speed, etc.) and firing unit printed board for power electronic equipment are covered by this Standard. Complete firing units are covered by GB/T 25122.1. This Standard is not applicable to the power electronic equipment in the main circuits and auxiliary circuits.

All English-translated Chinese codes are available at: www.codeofchina.com

This report assesses the levels and effects of exposure to ionizing radiation. Scientific findings underpin radiation risk evaluation and international protection standards. This report comprises a report with two underpinning scientific annexes. The first annex recapitulates and clarifies the philosophy of science as well as the scientific knowledge for attributing observed health effects in individuals and populations to radiation exposure, and distinguishes between that and inferring risk to individuals and populations from an exposure. The second annex reviews the latest thinking and approaches to quantifying the uncertainties in assessments of risk from radiation exposure, and illustrates these approaches with application to examples that are highly pertinent to radiation protection.

In the course of evolution, a great variety of root systems have learned to overcome the many physical, biochemical and biological problems brought about by soil. This development has made them a fascinating object of scientific study. This volume gives an overview of how roots have adapted to the soil environment and which roles they play in the soil ecosystem. The text describes the form and function of roots, their temporal and spatial distribution, and their turnover rate in various ecosystems. Subsequently, a physiological background is provided for basic functions, such as carbon acquisition, water and solute movement, and for their responses to three major abiotic stresses, i.e. hard soil structure, drought and flooding. The volume concludes with the interactions of roots with other organisms of the complex soil ecosystem, including symbiosis, competition, and the function of roots as a food source.

The topics range from single molecule experiments in quantum optics and solid-state physics to analogous investigations in physical chemistry and biophysics.

This book features high-quality papers presented at the International Conference on Computational Intelligence and Informatics (ICCII 2018), which was held on 28–29 December 2018 at the Department of Computer Science and Engineering, JNTUH College of Engineering, Hyderabad, India. The papers focus on topics such as data mining, wireless sensor networks, parallel computing, image processing, network security, MANETS, natural language processing and Internet of things.

This anthology assembles notes that address a wider spectrum of concern within the social sciences, as well as higher education and design and planning issues. The essays, articles and book reviews gathered here allow for an easy, and holistic, assessment of publications that cover various themes and were written during the past two decades. In addition, four chapters specifically written for this volume are included, two dealing with academic productivity, and the remaining two addressing aspects of economics and issues of design.

GB/T 9115-2010 Code of Bills of Quantities and Valuation for Construction Works English-translated version