This volume is a collection of some of the most significant mathematical works of Prof Richard E Bellman. Ten areas of Prof Bellman's mathematical research were selected by his co-workers for this volume. Each chapter starts with an introductory comment on the significance of Bellman's contribution. Some important mathematical theories are put forward and their applications in physics and biology such as the mathematical aspect of chemotherapy and the analysis of biological systems are included in this book.

The mathematics employed by genetic algorithms (GAs)are among the most exciting discoveries of the last few decades. But what exactly is a genetic algorithm? A genetic algorithm is a problem-solving method that uses genetics as its model of problem solving. It applies the rules of reproduction, gene crossover, and mutation to pseudo-organism

The 18 revised full papers presented in this book together with an introductory survey were carefully reviewed and constitute the documentation of the Second International Workshop on Self-adaptive Software, IWSAS 2001, held in Balatonfüred, Hungary in May 2001. Self-adaptive software evaluates its own behavior and changes it when the evaluation indicates that the software does not accomplish what it is intended to do or when better functionality or better performance is possible. The self-adaptive approach in software engineering builds on well known dynamic features familiar to Lisp or Java programmes and aims at improving the robustness of software systems by gradually adding new features of self-adaption or autonomy.