15th-c. adaptations of Chrétien de Troyes, the use of motifs, and standard features including current state of research and book review section. Setting the tone for volume 24 is a trio of articles on 15th-century French adaptations of Chrétien de Troyes's Arthurian romances. Norris Lacy examines adaptation and reception in Cligés, Jane Taylor writes on the importance of cultural details to reception studies of both Erec and Cligés, and Maria Timelli on structural aspects of Erec. Other studies of romance include MaryLynn Saul's article on courtly love and patriarchal marriage institutions in Malory, and Anne Caillaud's piece on gender conventions of courtly love as a vehicle for misogyny in Antoine de la Sale's Petit Jehan de Saintre. Hans-Joachim Behr deals with an adaptation of the 12th-century historical figure of Heinrich von der Löwe in his article on the poetic workof Michel Wyssenherre. Roxana Recio's article on Spanish "amplifications and glosses" draws connections between translation, reception, and interpretation.Moving from romance to legend, Peter De Wilde, in his article on the legendary matter of St. Patrick's journeys to Purgatory, relates a 15th-century account of one Englishman's "visionary pilgrimage" to that destination.A second area of concentration in the volume is the thematic and structural use of motifs. Rainer Goetz discusses archery in Spanish poetry of love and death; Georg Roellenbleck courtly pastimes and the term passe temps inFrench poetry. James Wilkins focuses on the "body as currency" in French passion plays. Kristine Patz moves into art history, examining the importance of the Pythagorean ypsilonin the work of the Italian painter Mantegna.Dealing with the turn to Renaissance humanism are articles by Grady Smith on the short literary career and Latin dramas of Titus Livius Frulovisi, and by Christiane Raynaudon humanism and good government in the Latin Romuleon. Franco Mormando investigates a darker moment: the 1426 witch trial in Rome and the role of Bernardino of Siena as its instigator and chronicler. Rouben Choulakian writes on the poetry of Charles d'Orlean

The current volume, designed as a tribute to Edelgard E. DuBruck, focuses on the importance and praise of late-medieval women. Founded in 1977 as the publication organ for the Fifteenth-Century Symposia, Fifteenth-Century Studies offers essays on diverse aspects of the 15th century, including liberal and fine arts, historiography, medicine, and religion. Designed as a Festschrift honoring Edelgard E. DuBruck, the current volume focuses on the importance and praise of late-medieval women. Topics include Christine de Pizan's response to Boccaccio's De Mulieribus Claris, the figures of Melibea and Celestina in La Celestina, Catalan love poetry, the Nine Muses in Le Franc's Champion des Dames, and artistic praise of the Virgin Mary. Other topics include a wellness guide for late-medieval seniors, women's sins of the tongue and Villon's Testament, the stoic tradition seen in a farewell letter, medicine and magic, and book-burning. An article demonstrates Bertrand Du Guesclin's extraordinary valor, and two essays on Chaucer explore chivalry and violence in The Knight's Tale and Troilus's withdrawal at the end of Troilus and Criseyde. Contributors: Melitta Weiss Adamson, Gery B. Blumenshine, KarenCasebier, Edelgard E. Dubruck, Olga Anna Duhl, Barbara I. Gusick, Jamie Leanos, Ilan Mitchell-Smith, Christiane Raynaud, Roxana Recio, Barbara N. Sargent-Baur, Karen Elaine Smyth, Steven Millen Taylor, Arjo Vanderjagt, Elizabeth I. Wade-Sirabian, Karl A. Zaenker Edelgard E. DuBruck is Professor Emerita at Marygrove College, Detroit, Michigan, and Barbara I. Gusick is Professor at Troy University-Dothan, Dothan, Alabama.

The focus of the volume, in addition to standard features such as the bibliographical update on 15th-c. theater, is on late-medieval authors as literary critics. Founded in 1977 as the publication organ for the Fifteenth-Century Symposium, Fifteenth-Century Studies has appeared annually since then. It publishes essays on all aspects of life in the fifteenth century, including literature, drama, history, philosophy, art, music, religion, science, and ritual and custom. The editors strive to do justice to the most contested medieval century, a period that has long been the stepchild of research. The fifteenthcentury defies consensus on fundamental issues: some scholars dispute, in fact, whether it belonged to the middle ages at all, arguing that it was a period of transition, a passage to modern times. At issue, therefore, is the verytenor of an age that stood under the influence of Gutenberg, Columbus, the Devotio Moderna, and Humanism. Along with the standard updating of bibliography on 15th-c. theater, this volume is devoted to research on late-medieval authors as literary critics. Thus, for the historian as well as the writer of fiction, the tenuous limits between truth and fantasy (and the role of doubt) are investigated. If there are several eyewitness accounts of an event, which one can be trusted? Medieval memorialists sometimes became advisors to princes and used a rhetoric of careful persuasion. Values such as chivalry, courtly love, and kingly self-representation come up for discussion here.Several essays ponder the structure of poetic forms and popular genres, and others consider more factual topics such as incunabula on medications, religious literature in the vernacular for everyday use, a student's notebook on magic, and late medieval merchants, money, and trade. Contributors: Edelgard DuBruck, Karen Casebier, Emma J. Cayley, Albrecht Classen, Michael G. Cornelius, Jean Dufornet, Catherine Emerson, Leonardas V. Gerulaitis, Kenneth Hodges, Sharon M. Loewald, Luca Pierdominici, Michel J. Raby, Elizabeth I. Wade. Edelgard E. DuBruck is professor emerita in the Modern Languages Department at Marygrove College in Detroit; Barbara I. Gusick is professor emerita of English at Troy University-Dothan, Dothan, Alabama.

Articles on drama, letter-writing, Arthurian romances, translation, mythology and folklore, print media, and Pizan, Sachs, Schedel, Chartier, and Henryson. The fifteenth century defies consensus on fundamental issues; most scholars agree, however, that this period outgrew the Middle Ages, that it was a time of transition and a passage to modern times. Founded in 1977 as the publication organ for the Fifteenth-Century Symposia, Fifteenth-Century Studies offers essays on diverse aspects of the fifteenth century, including liberal and fine arts, historiography, medicine, and religion. Following the standard opening article on the current state of fifteenth-century drama research, volume 33 offers essays investigating authors such as Christine de Pizan, Hans Sachs, Hartmann Schedel, Alain Chartier, and Robert Henryson. Genres and themes treated include drama, epistles of persuasion, late Arthurian romances, translations, mythology and folklore, print media, and art appreciation. Alternative interpretations are afforded by Franco Mormando's study of male nakedness and the Franciscans. Twelve book reviews round out the volume. Contributors: Edelgard E. DuBruck, Tracy Adams, Lidia Amor, Roció del Río Fernández, Leonardas Vytautas Gerulaitis, Jonathan Green, Christiane J. Hessler, Ashby Kinch, Franco Mormondo, Alessandra Petrina. Edelgard E. DuBruck is Professor Emerita of French and Humanities at Marygrove College, Detroit, Michigan, and Barbara I. Gusick is Professor Emerita of English atTroy University, Dothan, Alabama.

New essays on topics from love and sexuality to physical handicaps, old age, good and bad fortune, women's virtues, art and literature, and the writing of manuscripts. Fifteenth-Century Studies has appeared annually since 1977. It publishes essays on all aspects of life in the 15th century, including literature, drama, history, philosophy, art, music, religion, science, and ritual and custom. The editors strive to do justice to the most contested medieval century, a period that defies consensus on fundamental issues. In this volume the standard synopsis of research on 15th-c. theater is followed by essays on reflection/meditation on love and sexuality, physical handicaps, old age, betrayal, and false accusations. Contributors investigate good and bad fortune and human reactions to it, as well as women's virtues. Essays deal with poetry, prose, and drama, while others explore art, looking at illuminations, fresco, and tapestry from the vantage point of hagiography and romance. Finally, there is an essay on scribes, codices, and manuscripts from the perspective of New Philology. Contributors: E. DuBruck, C. Azuela, D.E. Booton, L.V. Gerulaitis, R. Hyatte, S. Jefferis, V. Minet-Mahy, C. Politis, M.J. Seaman, E. I. Wade. Edelgard E. DuBruck is professor emerita in the Modern Languages Department at Marygrove College, and Barbara I. Gusick is professor emerita of English at Troy University-Dothan, Dothan, Alabama.

This volume of Fifteenth-Century Studies is derived from the 1995 Fifteenth-Century Symposium, held in Kaprun, Austria. As usual, it includes essays on numerous aspects of life during the time:interdisciplinary in approach, topics include Piers Plowman, Christine de Pizan, and Ovid in the Florentine renaissance. Examinations of the recent critical attention given to late-medieval drama and to Villon complete the volume.

This book analyses the relation between politics and the production of culture in Lancastrian England, focussing on the intellectual activity of Duke Humphrey of Gloucester, reconstructing his library and analysing his commissions of translations, biographies and political poems.

THE NEW YORK TIMES BESTSELLER As seen on The Joe Rogan Experience! A groundbreaking dive into the role psychedelics have played in the origins of Western civilization, and the real-life quest for the Holy Grail that could shake the Church to its foundations. The most influential religious historian of the 20th century, Huston Smith, once referred to it as the "best-kept secret" in history. Did the Ancient Greeks use drugs to find God? And did the earliest Christians inherit the same, secret tradition? A profound knowledge of visionary plants, herbs and fungi passed from one generation to the next, ever since the Stone Age? There is zero archaeological evidence for the original Eucharist – the sacred wine said to guarantee life after death for those who drink the blood of Jesus. The Holy Grail and its miraculous contents have never been found. In the absence of any hard data, whatever happened at the Last Supper remains an article of faith for today’s 2.5 billion Christians. In an unprecedented search for answers, The Immortality Key examines the archaic roots of the ritual that is performed every Sunday for nearly one third of the planet. Religion and science converge to paint a radical picture of Christianity’s founding event. And after centuries of debate, to solve history’s greatest puzzle. Before the birth of Jesus, the Ancient Greeks found salvation in their own sacraments. Sacred beverages were routinely consumed as part of the so-called Ancient Mysteries – elaborate rites that led initiates to the brink of death. The best and brightest from Athens and Rome flocked to the spiritual capital of Eleusis, where a holy beer unleashed heavenly visions for two thousand years. Others drank the holy wine of Dionysus to become one with the god. In the 1970s, renegade scholars claimed this beer and wine – the original sacraments of Western civilization – were spiked with mind-altering drugs. In recent years, vindication for the disgraced theory has been quietly mounting in the laboratory. The constantly advancing fields of archaeobotany and archaeochemistry have hinted at the enduring use of hallucinogenic drinks in antiquity. And with a single dose of psilocybin, the psychopharmacologists at Johns Hopkins and NYU are now turning self-proclaimed atheists into instant believers. But the smoking gun remains elusive. If these sacraments survived for thousands of years in our remote prehistory, from the Stone Age to the Ancient Greeks, did they also survive into the age of Jesus? Was the Eucharist of the earliest Christians, in fact, a psychedelic Eucharist? With an unquenchable thirst for evidence, Muraresku takes the reader on his twelve-year global hunt for proof. He tours the ruins of Greece with its government archaeologists. He gains access to the hidden collections of the Louvre to show the continuity from pagan to Christian wine. He unravels the Ancient Greek of the New Testament with the world’s most controversial priest. He spelunks into the catacombs under the streets of Rome to decipher the lost symbols of Christianity’s oldest monuments. He breaches the secret archives of the Vatican to unearth manuscripts never before translated into English. And with leads from the archaeological chemists at UPenn and MIT, he unveils the first scientific data for the ritual use of psychedelic drugs in classical antiquity. The Immortality Key reconstructs the suppressed history of women consecrating a forbidden, drugged Eucharist that was later banned by the Church Fathers. Women who were then targeted as witches during the Inquisition, when Europe’s sacred pharmacology largely disappeared. If the scientists of today have resurrected this technology, then Christianity is in crisis. Unless it returns to its roots. Featuring a Foreword by Graham Hancock, the NYT bestselling author of America Before.

Narrating Desire: Moral Consolation and Sentimental Fiction in Fifteenth-Century Spain proposes a new taxonomy and conceptual frame for the controversial Iberian genre of sentimental fiction. It traces its origin to late-medieval education in rhetoric, philosophy, and medicine as the foundation for virtuous living. In establishing the genre's boundaries and cultural underpinnings, Narrating Desire emphasizes the crucial link between Eastern and Western Iberian sentimental traditions, and offers close readings of a vast array of Catalan and Castilian fictions, translations, narrative poems, letters, and doctrinal treatises: the Catalan translations of Boethius's Consolation of Philosophy, Santillana's El sueno, Bernat Metge's Lo somni, Romeu Llull's Lo despropiament d'amor, Pedro Moner's La noche and L'anima d'Oliver, Rodriguez del Padron's Siervo libre de amor, Carros Pardo de la Casta's Regoneixenca, Rois de Corella's Parlament and Tragedia de Caldesa, Pedro de Portugal's Satira, Francesc Alegre's Somni and Raonament, Pere Torroella's correspondence, and the well-known works by Diego de San Pedro (Arnalte y Lucenda; Carcel de Amor) and Juan de Flores (Grisel y Mirabella; Grimalte y Gradissa) among others. From them, Miguel-Prendes singles out a group of dream visions whose interpretive and compositional practices sire the sentimental genre. Social interactions lead to either a consolatory or a sentimental form, which imply very different ways of seeing: the allegorical gaze of consolation gives way to narrative fiction. In distorting moral conversion, the sentimental genre heralds the novel.

Annual collection on diverse aspects of the fifteenth century, with an emphasis on manuscripts and manuscript culture. The fifteenth century defies consensus on fundamental issues; most scholars agree, however, that the period outgrew the Middle Ages, that it was a time of transition and a passage to modern times. Fifteenth-Century Studiesoffers essays on diverse aspects of the period, including liberal and fine arts, historiography, medicine, and religion. Essays within this thirty-sixth volume treat a wide range of topics: the importance of manuscript culture as reflected in Cárcel de amor; the wanderings of René d'Anjou and Olivier de la Marche as reflected in literary texts; the art of compiling in Jean de Bueil's Jouvencel; a diplomatic transcription of Princeton MS153 (reception and compilation practices of the Rose); historical approaches in the chronicles of Jean le Bel and Jean Froissart; the Fairfax Sequence in Bodleian MS Fairfax 16; anticlerical critique in the Croxton Playof the Sacrament; the Chester cycle of mystery plays; the conquering Turk in Carnival Nürnberg: Hans Rosenplüt's Des Turken Vasnachtspil; and Tolkien's eucatastrophe and Malory's Morte Darthur. Book reviews conclude the volume. Contributors: Ethan Campbell, Emily C. Francomano, D. Thomas Hanks, Jr., Theodore K. Lerud, John Moreau, Gerald Nachtwey, Mariana Neilly, Marco Nievergelt, Michelle Szkilnik, Martin W. Walsh. Barbara I. Gusick is Professor Emerita of English at Troy University, Dothan, Alabama; Matthew Z. Heintzelman is curator of the Austria/Germany Study Center and Rare Book Cataloger at Hill Museum & Manuscript Library, Saint John'sUniversity, Collegeville, Minnesota.