Low concennations (microgram/L of the perchlorate anion ClO4 have been measured in drinking water supplies in many states throughout the United States. Federal and state regulatory agencies are concerned about the possible adverse effects of perchlorate contamination as the anion is known to target the human thyroid gland and its metabolic-hormone-producing function. The provisional aenon level for drinking water established by the EPA and adopted by several states is 18 microgram/L (18 ppb) perchlorate; however other states have set levels as low as 1-4 microgram/L. The major sources of perchlorate contamination in surface and ground waters are propellant manufacturers, military installations defense connactors and agriculture.

Bananas are a staple food for over 500 million people and are also an important cash crop. Fusarium wilt, caused by the fungus Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. cubense, is one of the most destructive diseases of banana globally. Since the 1990s, an aggressive variant of this fungus, called Tropical Race 4 (TR4), severely affected banana plantations in Southeast Asia from where it spread to other continents, including Latin America, where the global banana export market is primarily centred. TR4 is a soil borne pathogen making the disease difficult to contain. The Joint FAO/IAEA Centre of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture implemented a Coordinated Research Project (CRP) ‘Efficient Screening Techniques to Identify Mutants with Disease Resistance for Coffee and Banana” (2015-2020). This CRP brought together experts from Asia, Europe and Africa in addition to experts of the Joint FAO/IAEA Centre to develop resistance against TR4 through mutation-assisted breeding. Induced mutagenesis is particularly attractive in case of banana since most cultivated bananas are seedless, thus hampering conventional cross breeding. This Open Access book is a compilation of the protocols developed under the CRP specifically for TR4. The first part covers methods for mutation induction, including the integrated use of innovative single-cell culture with mutagenesis techniques. The book also describes up-to-date phenotypic screening methods for TR4 resistance in banana under field-, greenhouse- and laboratory conditions. Finally, molecular and bioinformatics tools for genome-wide mutation discovery following Next Generation Sequencing are also described. Given the imminent threat of Fusarium Wilt TR4 on banana production globally, it is our hope and intention that the book will serve as a timely reference and guide for banana breeders and pathologists worldwide who are committed to the genetic improvement of banana for Fusarium wilt resistance.

"High Throughput Screening (HTS) is one of several hit identification approaches that are part of a developing and evolving toolbox for the discovery of pharmaceutical start points. HTS remains one of the most successful approaches, and therefore an important foundation of drug discovery. In High Throughput Screening: Methods, Techniques and Applications, leading industrial and academic experts in screening and drug discovery explain key technologies and methods while demonstrating how they can be applied to successful hit identification. Describing both traditional and emerging methods in detail, this book provides an overview of these methods to the reader that will serve both those new to the field and expert scientists alike. High Throughput Screening: Methods, Techniques and Applications provides readers with an outline of key elements in the areas of assay development, detailed descriptions of a range of both biochemical and cell-based screening methodologies and strategies, as well as highlighting important steps in data analysis. By describing the basic principles of methods commonly used in HTS, High Throughput Screening: Methods, Techniques and Applications provides an illuminating introduction to HTS, capturing established good practice within the field, thereby imparting both the industrial and academic researcher with the knowledge required to work effectively in both today's and the hit identification laboratories of the future"--

Explores the benefits and limitations of the latest high-throughput screening methods With its expert coverage of high-throughput in vitro screening methods for toxicity testing, this book makes it possible for researchers to accelerate and streamline the evaluation and risk assessment of chemicals and drugs for toxicity. Moreover, it enables them to comply with the latest standards set forth by the U.S. National Research Council's "Toxicity Testing in the 21st Century: A Vision and Strategy" and the E.U.'s REACH legislation. Readers will discover a variety of state-of-the-science, high-throughput screening methods presented by a group of leading authorities in toxicology and toxicity testing. High-Throughput Screening Methods in Toxicity Testing is divided into five parts: General aspects, including predicting the toxicity potential of chemicals and drugs via high-throughput bioactivity profiling Assessing different cytotoxicity endpoints Assessing DNA damage and carcinogenesis Assessing reproductive toxicity, cardiotoxicity, and haematotoxicity Assessing drug metabolism and receptor-related toxicity Each chapter describes method principles and includes detailed information about data generation, data analysis, and applications in risk assessment. The authors not only enumerate the advantages of each high-throughput method over comparable conventional methods, but also point out the high-throughput method's limitations and potential pitfalls. In addition, the authors describe current research efforts to make high-throughput toxicity screening even more cost effective and streamlined. Throughout the book, readers will find plenty of figures and illustrations to help them understand and perform the latest high-throughput toxicity screening methods. This book is ideal for toxicologists and other researchers who need to implement high-throughput screening methods for toxicity testing in their laboratories as well as for researchers who need to evaluate the data generated by these methods.

The sciences of pharmacology and toxicology are strongly intertwined. The former focuses on how medications function in live beings, while the latter focuses on the bad effects of drugs and chemicals and how to treat them. Both fields are concerned with the behaviour of drugs and chemicals in living organisms. This book provides a detailed illustration of the most important concepts that are involved in pharmacology and the medical sciences that are related to it. The title opens with a discussion of the historical elements of drug creation, including up-to-date information about Nobel Laureates in pharmacology and toxicology and the key discoveries they made. Following this, it conducts an analysis of the fundamental concepts of pharmacology, including pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics, as well as providing comprehensive information on drug transporters and interactions. The subsequent chapters of the book are dedicated to covering a comprehensive assortment of subjects that provide vital knowledge on the fundamental principles of pharmacology and the manner in which these concepts are used for the clinical treatment of disorders.

While innovative technologies in remediation need to be developed, so do innovative ways of site assessment. This monograph describes the development, testing, and performance of a new laser-induced fluorescence soil probe. A screening tool for site characterization, this probe has the potential to provide an economical, rapid assessment of contaminated sites. Cone Penetrometer testing equipment advances the probe into the subsurface. The probe identifies hydrocarbon classes using a multi-channel excitation-emission matrix. This technique facilitates the collection of significant amounts of subsurface information - surpassing conventional data collection methods - that can be used to rapidly identify areas of concern beneath a site. The technology has significant application for the following: Rapid environmental site assessment Monitoring remediation programs Monitoring manufacturing processes and industrial waste water operations Subsurface Contamination Monitoring Using Laser Fluorescence provides comprehensive reference material for researchers and engineers as well as engineering consultants interested in subsurface monitoring techniques or further development of this technology. It describes innovative technology that focuses on finding cost effective solutions for site assessment and remediation.

A fire fighter’s ability to recognize an incident involving hazardous materials or weapons of mass destruction (WMD) is critical. They must possess the knowledge required to identify the presence of hazardous materials and WMD, and have an understanding of what their role is within the response plan. The Third Edition of Hazardous Materials Awareness and Operations will provide fire fighters and first responders with these skills and enable them to keep themselves and others safe while mitigating these potentially deadly incidents. Hazardous Materials Awareness and Operations, Third Edition has been completely updated and correlated to meet and exceed the competencies in the newly released 2017 Edition of NFPA 1072: Standard for Hazardous Materials/Weapons of Mass Destruction Emergency Response Personnel Professional Qualifications. A detailed crosswalk has also been developed to help you correlate the JPR’s from the 2018 Edition of NFPA 472: Standard for Competence of Responders to Hazardous Materials/Weapons of Mass Destruction Incidents which can be found as an appendix. The structure of the Third Edition has also been enhanced to accommodate your exact needs with three distinct sections: The Awareness section encompasses two chapters for awareness level personnel The Operations section covers five chapters for operational responders The Mission Specific section concludes with eight chapters

Provides the tools needed to analyze and solve acid drainage problems Featuring contributions from leading experts in science and engineering, this book explores the complex biogeochemistry of acid mine drainage, rock drainage, and acid sulfate soils. It describes how to predict, prevent, and remediate the environmental impact of acid drainage and the oxidation of sulfides, offering the latest sampling and analytical methods. Moreover, readers will discover new approaches for recovering valuable resources from acid mine drainage, including bioleaching. Acid Mine Drainage, Rock Drainage, and Acid Sulfate Soils reviews the most current findings in the field, offering new insights into the underlying causes as well as new tools to minimize the harm of acid drainage: Part I: Causes of Acid Mine Drainage, Rock Drainage and Sulfate Soils focuses on the biogeochemistry of acid drainage in different environments. Part II: Assessment of Acid Mine Drainage, Rock Drainage and Sulfate Soils covers stream characterization, aquatic and biological sampling, evaluation of aquatic resources, and some unusual aspects of sulfide oxidation. Part III: Prediction and Prevention of Acid Drainage discusses acid-base accounting, kinetic testing, block modeling, petrology, and mineralogy studies. It also explains relevant policy and regulations. Part IV: Remediation of Acid Drainage, Rock Drainage and Sulfate Soils examines both passive and active cleanup methods to remediate acid drainage. Case studies from a variety of geologic settings highlight various approaches to analyzing and solving acid drainage problems. Replete with helpful appendices and an extensive list of web resources, Acid Mine Drainage, Rock Drainage, and Acid Sulfate Soils is recommended for mining engineers and scientists, regulatory officials, environmental scientists, land developers, and students.