""" This book has been written as a guide to the management and use of formulated feeds in intensive fish and shrimp culture. While its focus is on the use of commercially pro duced feeds in intensive production systems, it is anticipated that many of the practical issues covered will be of equal interest to those fish farmers who make their own feeds and to those who use formulated feeds in less intensive systems. Feeds and feeding are the major variable operating costs in intensive aquaculture and the book is primarily in tended to aid decision making by fish farm managers in areas of feeding policy. The dramatic increases in aquaculture production seen over the past 15 years have been made possible, in large part, by gains in our understanding of the food and feed ing requirements of key fish and shrimp species. A global aquaculture feeds industry has developed and a wide range of specialist feeds is now sold. The new options in feeds and feeding systems, which are becoming available, necessitate continual review by farmers of their feeding policies, where choices must be made as to appropriate feed types and feeding methods. While growth rates and feed conversion values are the prime factors of interest to farmers, other important issues, such as product quality and environmental impacts of farm effiuents, are also directly related to feed management practices.

The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) developed these guidelines with the overall objective to protect and improve the productivity of the ruminant livestock species of South Sudan. Focussing on the best use of local feed resources, the guidelines mainly target livestock extension workers promoting livestock feed development good practices to pastoral and agropastoral communities as well as the emerging market-oriented smallholder livestock producers. This document also serves as an important tool for advancing the policy and strategic priority actions of the East Africa Animal Feed Action Plan (FAO and IGAD, 2019) and the draft National Livestock Development Policy of South Sudan.

In aquaculture, the provision of high quality aquafeeds that satisfy the nutritional requirements of the culture species and optimize growth are a prerequisite to improving production yields, lowering production costs, and improving economic returns to farmers. Under semi-intensive and intensive carp and trout culture, aquafeed costs usually account for the highest single production cost, typically accounting for 50 – 60 percent of total production costs. The aquafeeds available to farmers vary widely with respect to quality, nutritional value and cost. Depending on the feed type, production system and farmer preferences, there are multiple feed management strategies that can be adopted by farmers. In order to optimise feed use and minimise feed production costs, it is essential that farmers select appropriate feeds and optimise their on farm feed management practices. These guidelines are designed to provide farmers with practical guidance on how to select feeds and to optimise their use by implementing appropriate on-farm feed management practices. The guidelines provide an introduction to fish nutrition with a focus on the dietary nutritional requirements of commercially cultured carps and trout. The types of aquafeeds (live feeds, supplementary, farm-made and commercially manufactured feeds), their composition and nutritional value, manufacture and use are discussed. On-farm feed management practices focus on feeding methods, feed storage, and methods to optimise feed consumption (calculating feed rations, feeding frequency, assessing appetite and the feeding response).

The successful farming of tiger shrimp (Penaeus monodon) in India is mainly due to the existence of some 300 hatcheries whose capacity to produce 12 000 million postlarvae (PL) annually has provided an assured supply of seed. However, the sustainability of the sector is still hampered by many problems, foremost among these being a reliance on wild-caught broodstock whose supply is limited both in quantity and in seasonal availability and that are often infected with pathogens. The current low quality of hatchery produced PL due to infection with white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) and other pathogens entering the hatcheries via infected broodstock, contaminated intake water or other sources due to poor hatchery management practices, including inadequate biosecurity, is a major obstacle to achieving sustainable shrimp aquaculture in India and the Asia-Pacific region. Considering the major contribution of the tiger shrimp to global shrimp production and the economic losses resulting from disease outbreaks, it is essential that the shrimp-farming sector invest in good management practices for the production of healthy and quality seed. This document reviews the current state of the Indian shrimp hatchery industry and provides detailed guidance and protocols for improving the productivity, health management, biosecurity and sustainability of the sector. Following a brief review of shrimp hatchery development in India, the major requirements for hatchery production are discussed under the headings: infrastructure, facility maintenance, inlet water quality and treatment, wastewater treatment, biosecurity, standard operating procedures (SOPS), the Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point (HACCP) approach, chemical use during the hatchery production process and health assessment. Pre-spawning procedures covered include the use of wild, domesticated and specific pathogen free/ specific pathogen resistant (SPF/SPR) broodstock; broodstock landing centres and holding techniques; broodstock selection, transport, utilization, quarantine, health screening, maturation, nutrition and spawning; egg hatching; nauplius selection; egg/ nauplius disinfection and washing and holding, disease testing and transportation of nauplii. Post-spawning procedures covered include: larval-rearing unit preparation, larval rearing/health management, larval nutrition and feed management, important larval diseases, general assessment of larval condition, quality testing/selection of PL for stocking, PL harvest and transportation, nursery rearing, timing of PL stocking, use of multiple species in shrimp hatcheries, and documentation and record keeping. Information on the use of chemicals in shrimp hatcheries and examples of various forms for hatchery record keeping are included as Annexes.

A comprehensive source of information on all aspects of shrimp production, this reference covers not only the global status of shrimp farming, but also examines shrimp anatomy and physiology. From nutrition to health management and harvesting issues to biosecurity, this well-researched volume evaluates existing knowledge, proposes new concepts, and questions common practices. With an extensive review on worldwide production systems, this compilation will be highly relevant to research scientists, students, and shrimp producers.

Tilapia culture is currently practised in 95 countries all over the world and the number is expected to increase. This book discusses in detail the principles and practices of tilapia culture in the world. It covers all the vital issues of farmed tilapia including: the biology, environmental requirements, semi-intensive culture, intensive culture systems, feed and feeding, reproduction and breeding, spawning and larval rearing, stress and diseases, harvesting and marketing and the role of tilapia culture in rural development. It also highlights and presents the experiences of leading countries in tilapia culture.

Chapter I - Importance of Nutrition of Species in Aquaculture, Chapter II - Nutritional Requirements of Finfish, Chapter III - Nutritional Requirements of Crustaceans (Shrimps and Prawns, Lobsters and Crabs), Chapter IV - Broodstock and Larval Nutrition, Chapter V - Feed Ingredients, Chapter VI - Feed Additives, Chapter VII - Feed Formulation An Feed Technology, Chapter VIII - Feeding Management and Sustainability, Chapter IX 0- Biofloc Technology, Chapter X - Aquaponics. Fish and shellfish are contributing highly nutritious and healthy food to the food basket the world over. The world per capita seafood consumption reached a record level of 20 kg per person per year for the first time in history. This is twice the level of average per capita fish consumption in 1960s in the world. The global trade value of seafood has increased to $ 150 billion. The total fish production in the world is 150 million tons in 2014 (FAO) out of which 70 million tons is contributed by aquaculture. While the natural capture fishery resources are fast dwindling, contribution by aquaculture is ever increasing. The culture of crustaceans and finfishes is propelled mainly by intentional feeding of formulated feeds. As the demand for fish as food for human consumption is ever-increasing, aquaculture is the only alternative to bridge the gap between supply and demand. Indian aquaculture production has shown impressive growth with total aquaculture production nearing 7 million tons contributing almost 70% to the total seafood production. Indian aquaculture sector is mainly represented by the large scale culture of Indian Major Carps (catla, rohu and mrigal), exotic carps (grass carp, silver carp and common carp) and Pangasius catfish. Freshwater prawn and Penaeid shrimp are the crustaceans that are adding to seafood exports from the country. Aquaculture of Asian seabass, milkfish, mullets, grouper and cobia etc. has been gaining momentum. The total aqua feed production is touching almost 300,000 tons per annum.

John Webb Ware is a veterinarian and senior consultant with the University of Melbourne's Mackinnon Project. He has expertise in animal production systems and animal health.