The present »Etymological Glossary of Old Welsh« is intended to offer an alphabetically arranged list of words which are found in the manuscripts transcribed before the beginning of the Middle Welsh period, and to provide them with the most important published references. Only the records written down during the Old Welsh period have been used is the compilation of the glossary. The only text which was not used is the »Book of Llan Dav«, which still requires to be comprehensively discussed, and is a subject for research on its own right. The data of this very important document is used throughout as comparanda for the research. The focus has been laid on the collection of the published analysis of the rudiments of Old Welsh; thus the glossary could be viewed as an extended bibliography for Old Welsh studies. The entries are arranged alphabetically according to the Welsh standard. The glosses which contain more than one word are segmented; in those cases where the segmentation could be problematic (and this applies to several particular fragments of Old Welsh versification), the components of the phrases are explicitly cross-referenced; when the segmentation is unclear, or the reading is variable, the components of the phrase are given as a complete entry. Homographic/homophonic lexemes are treated under the different headings. Similar or identical instances which were analysed differently are normally considered separately. Parts of compounds as well as morphemes from nouns are not treated separately; their discussion can be found in the entries which contain the first element of the composite word.

This book examines the impact of ancient DNA research and scientific evidence on our understanding of the emergence of Indo-European languages in prehistory. Offering cutting-edge contributions from an international team of scholars, it considers the driving forces behind the Indo-European migrations during the 3rd and 2nd millenia BC. The volume explores the rise of the world's first pastoral nomads the Yamnaya Culture in the Russian Pontic steppe including their social organization, expansions, and the transition from nomadism to semi-sedentism when entering Europe. It also traces the chariot conquest in the late Bronze Age and its impact on the expansion of the Indo-Iranian languages into Central Asia. In the final section, the volumes consider the development of hierarchical societies and the origins of slavery. A landmark synthesis of recent, exciting discoveries, the book also includes an extensive theoretical discussion regarding the integration of linguistics, genetics, and archaeology, and the importance of interdisciplinary research in the study of ancient migration.

This is the first of a two-volume comparative history of negation in the languages of Europe and the Mediterranean. It examines the development of sentential negation and negative indefinites and quantifiers in languages and language groups such as Italian, English, Dutch, German, Celtic, Slavonic, Greek, Uralic, and Afro-Asiatic.

"The editors" PREFACE LIST OF PUBLICATIONS BY FREDERIK KORTLANDT "?driaan Barentsen": O S?P?STAVI?EL'N IZUC?NII ?GR?NICI L'NY? VR NNY? S?JUZ?V SL?VJANS?I? JAZY V "Robert S.P. Beekes": PALATALIZED CONSONANTS IN PRE-GREEK "Uwe Blasing": TALYSCHI RIZ 'SPUR' UND VERWANDTE: EIN BEITRAG ZUR IRANISCHEN WORTFORSCHUNG "Vaclav Blazek": CELTIC 'SMITH' AND HIS COLLEAGUES "Johnny Cheung": THE OSSETIC CASE SYSTEM REVISITED "Bardhyl Demiraj": ALB. RRUSH, ON RAGUSA UND GR. RHOKS "Rick Derksen": QUANTITY PATTERNS IN THE UPPER SORBIAN NOUN "George E. Dunkel": LUVIAN ?TAR AND HOMERIC AR "Jose L. Garcia Ramon": ERERBTES UND ERSATZKONTINUANTEN BEI DER REKONSTRUKTION VON INDOGERMANISCHEN KONSTRUKTIONSMUSTERN: IDG. *"G"' "HEU"- UND HETH. "LAHU-HHI" 'GIESSEN' "Eric P. Hamp": INDO-EUROPEAN *"SG'HEDHLA" "Andries van Helden": IS CASE A LINGUIST OR A FREDERIK? "Tette Hofstra": AUS DEM BEREICH DER GERMANISCH-OSTSEEFINNISCHEN LEHNWORTFORSCHUNG: UBERLEGUNGEN ZUR ETYMOLOGIE VON FINNISCH "RYTAKKA" 'KRACH' "Georg Holzer": STRUKTURELLE BESONDERHEITEN DES URSLAVISCHEN "Wim Honselaar": REFLECTIONS ON RECIPROCITY IN RUSSIAN AND DUTCH "Laszlo Honti": 'TIBI LIBER EST' 'HABES LIBRUM' (BEMERKUNGEN ZUR HERKUNFT DER HABITIVEN KONSTRUKTIONEN IM URALISCHEN) "Peter Houtzagers": ON THE CAKAVIAN DIALECT OF KOLJNOF NEAR SOPRON "Petri Kallio": ON THE "EARLY BALTIC" LOANWORDS IN COMMON FINNIC "Janneke Kalsbeek": THE QUANTITY OF THE VOWEL I IN STIPAN KONZUL'S "KATEKIZAM" (1564) "Jared S. Klein": INTERROGATIVE SEQUENCES IN THE RIGVEDA "Jorma Koivulehto": FRUHE SLAVISCH-FINNISCHE KONTAKTE "Leonid Kulikov": THE VEDIC TYPE "PATAYATI" REVISITED: SEMANTIC OPPOSITIONS, PARADIGMATIC RELATIONSHIPS AND HISTORICAL CONNECTIONS "Winfred P. Lehmann": LINGUISTIC LAWS AND UNIVERSALS: THE TWAIN. "Alexander Lubotsky": VEDIC 'OX' AND 'SACRIFICIAL CAKE' "Ranko Matasovic": THE ORIGIN OF THE OLD IRISH F-FUTURE "H. Craig Melchert": PROBLEMS IN HITTITE PRONOMINAL INFLECTION "Cecilia Ode": COMMUNICATIVE FUNCTIONS AND PROSODIC LABELLING OF THREE RUSSIAN PITCH ACCENTS "Norbert Oettinger": AN INDO-EUROPEAN CUSTOM OF SACRIFICE IN GREECE AND ELSEWHERE "Harry Perridon": RECONSTRUCTING THE OBSTRUENTS OF PROTO-GERMANIC "Georges-Jean Pinault": TOCHARIAN FRIENDSHIP "?driana Pols": ROZDENIE SLOVARJA "Arend Quak": ARCHAISCHE WORTER IN DEN MALBERGISCHEN GLOSSEN DER 'LEX SALICA' "Jos Schaeken": NOCHMALS ZUR AKZENTUIERUNG DER KIEVER BLATTER "Rudiger Schmitt": ZU DER FREMDBEZEICHNUNG ARMENIENS ALTPERS. "ARMINA"- "Patrick Sims-Williams": THE PROBLEM OF SPIRANTIZATION AND NASALIZATION IN BRITTONIC CELTIC "Han Steenwijk": THE MICROSTRUCTURE OF THE RESIANICA DICTIONARY "Michiel de Vaan": SANSKRIT "TRIDHA" AND "TREDHA" "William R. Veder": NON SECUNDUM SCIENTIAM: READING WHAT IS NOT THERE "Theo Vennemann gen. Nierfeld: MUNZE, MINT, AND MONEY": AN ETYMOLOGY FOR LATIN "MONETA." WITH APPENDICES ON CARTHAGINIAN "TANIT" AND THE INDO-EUROPEAN "MONTH" WORD "Willem Vermeer": THE PREHISTORY OF THE ALBANIAN VOWEL SYSTEM: A PRELIMINARY EXPLORATION "Jos J.S. Weitenberg": DIPHTHONGIZATION OF INITIAL "E"- AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF INITIAL "Y"- IN ARMENIAN

This book is all about the captivating ability that the human language has to express intricately logical (mathematical) meanings using tiny (microsemantic) morphemes as utilities. Languages mark meanings with identical inferences using identical particles and these particles thus creep up in a wide array of expressions. Because of their multi-tasking capacity to express seemingly disparate meanings, they are dubbed Superparticles. These particles are perfect windows into the interlock of several grammatical modules and the nature of the interaction of these modules through time. With a firm footing in the module where grammatical bones are built and assembled (narrow morpho-syntax), superparticles acquire varied interpretation (in the conceptual-intentional module – semantics) depending on the structure they fea- ture in. What is more, some of the interpretations these particles trigger are inferential and belong, under the standard account, to the realm of pragmatics. How can such tiny particles, rarely exceeding a syllable of sound, have such powerful and over-arching effects across the inter-modular grammatical space? This is the Platonic background against which this book is set.

The mythic foundations of the world's greatest archaeological mystery.

This volume contains thirteen contributions on the origin of the feminine gender and its relation to the collective in the Indo-European parent language. The Indo-European daughter languages have got mostly a three-gender system, however the early attested Anatolian languages owned only two genders. In this respect, it is debatable whether the feminine gender is primary or arose secondarily from another morphological category. Due to special morphological and morphosyntactic phenomena it is also questionable whether the neuter plural of the individual languages continues an inflectional category or it was rather grammaticalized from an original word formation category collective. The authors suggest different approaches on the question of the relationship between feminine and collective.

The ability to compare is fundamental to human cognition. Expressing various types of comparison is thus essential to any language. The present volume presents detailed grammatical descriptions of how comparison and gradation are expressed in ancient Indo-European languages. The detailed chapters devoted to the individual languages go far beyond standard handbook knowledge. Each chapter is structured the same way to facilitate cross-reference and (typological) comparison. The data are presented in a top-down fashion and in a format easily accessible to the linguistic community. The topics covered are similatives, equatives, comparatives, superlatives, elatives, and excessives. Each type of comparison is illustrated with glossed examples of all its attested grammatical realizations. The book is an indispensable tool for typologists, historical linguists, and students of the syntax and morphosyntax of comparison.

This book employs new interdisciplinary approaches to understand multilingualism in the Graeco-Roman worlds, East and West, Classical and medieval.