GAO reviewed the Department of Defense's (DOD) simulator program, specifically the: (1) need for the armed services to avoid paying for the development of duplicate simulators; and (2) acquisition of simulators which misrepresent Soviet threat systems. GAO found that: (1) the armed services are paying for multiple development of simulators for emitter-receiver processors (ERP) and emitters; (2) total ERP development costs exceeded $560 million, while emitter program costs exceeded $600 million; (3) a perceived lack of authority within DOD for managing the services' simulator programs and the services' desire to control their separate programs contributed to multiple ERP development; and (4) the Joint Executive Committee on Air Defense Threat Simulators and its agent committee have attempted to develop cooperation among the services without much success. GAO also found that: (1) 35 of 46 simulators it examined deviated substantially from estimates of the threat characteristics and affected system range, accuracy, and resistance to countermeasures; and (2) the services were accepting deficient simulators without review by or approval from potential users.

Annotation. Introduction to Electronic Warfare: Modeling and Simulation by David L. Adamy covers the field of electronic warfare (EW) modeling and simulation at a systems level, including chapters that describe basic EW concepts. Written by a well-known expert with more than 40 years of experience in the field, the book explores EW applications and techniques and the radio frequency spectrum, with primary emphasis on high frequency (HF) to microwave. This book is the corrected paperback reissue of a hardback originally published by Artech House in 2003. It is NOT a new edition.

From the Russo-Japanese War of 1904–1905, through World Wars I and II and up to the present day, the field of electronic warfare has developed at a truly astonishing speed. The early use of radio to organize and coordinate basic naval actions over 100 years ago has evolved into today’s staggeringly complex Command, Control, Communications and Intelligence (C3I) networks that enable field commanders to coordinate massive, multi-faceted military engagements from a single point of command. Unlike the trenches of the early 20th century, the front-lines of modern wars are often difficult to define unless viewed through the prism of the electronic systems that control troops, locate and identify targets, aim long-range missiles, or coordinate air strikes. The electronic warfare component of modern battle is now so vital to the overall concept of warfare that a large proportion of hostile activity is conducted in the invisible world of “battlespace,” separate although crucial to that of the physical theater of operations. In this other realm, parallel wars are waged and unseen conflicts for control and exploitation of the electromagnetic spectrum ensue. Technology in Warfare charts the development of a field which continues to evolve, often in unexpected directions, with electronic warfare devices constantly advancing to meet the latest threats and challenges in a seemingly endless cycle of counter-measures and counter-counter-measures. From the successes of Winston Churchill’s “Wizard War” to the crushing defeat of Saddam Hussein’s forces in the 1990–91 Gulf War, this book examines electronic warfare’s great influence on the outcomes of modern conflicts, and attempts to provide insight on the future development of a field which – although rarely credited as such – represents one of the most vitally important aspects of warfare over the last century. As Sergei Gorshkov, former Admiral of the Fleet of the Soviet Union, once remarked, “the next war will be won by the side that best exploits the electromagnetic spectrum,” a statement that is arguably even more relevant today.

The Threat Simulator Program (the Program) evolved from a single Service concept to a tri-Service and OSD effort with $1.5 billion programmed for threat simulator development, acquisition, and upgrade during FY 1990 through FY 1994. Threat simulator is a term for equipment having characteristics of actual threat weapon systems. Threat simulation is achieved by using mathematical computer models, combining hardware with computer models, and building hardware replicas of radars and missile seekers. Simulators are used in laboratories, indoor test facilities (chambers), and open-air test ranges to test the effectiveness and survivability of U.S. weapon systems and to train military personnel.

ELECTRONIC WARFARE: DOD Actions Needed to Strengthen Management and Oversight