Is the concept of Direct Effect of EC Law out of date? Or does it need to be revamped as a keystone doctrine of EC Law? This was the central theme of the international conference organized in June 2001 at the University of Amsterdam by the Hogendorp Centre, the Amsterdam Law School, the Amsterdam Centre of International Law, the Europa Instituut and the Amsterdam Jean Monnet Platform. The conference brought together speakers from The United Kingdom, Belgium, France and The Netherlands, to address the topic not only from the perspective of EC law, but also from those of domestic constitutional law and public international law. Their contributions reflect the various dimensions of direct effect as a central doctrine of EC Law.

For many observers, the European Union is mired in a deep crisis. Between sluggish growth; political turmoil following a decade of austerity politics; Brexit; and the rise of Asian influence, the EU is seen as a declining power on the world stage. Columbia Law professor Anu Bradford argues the opposite in her important new book The Brussels Effect: the EU remains an influential superpower that shapes the world in its image. By promulgating regulations that shape the international business environment, elevating standards worldwide, and leading to a notable Europeanization of many important aspects of global commerce, the EU has managed to shape policy in areas such as data privacy, consumer health and safety, environmental protection, antitrust, and online hate speech. And in contrast to how superpowers wield their global influence, the Brussels Effect - a phrase first coined by Bradford in 2012- absolves the EU from playing a direct role in imposing standards, as market forces alone are often sufficient as multinational companies voluntarily extend the EU rule to govern their global operations. The Brussels Effect shows how the EU has acquired such power, why multinational companies use EU standards as global standards, and why the EU's role as the world's regulator is likely to outlive its gradual economic decline, extending the EU's influence long into the future.

Over the past twenty years, foreign direct investments have spurred widespread liberalization of the foreign direct investment (FDI) regulatory framework. By opening up to foreign investors and encouraging FDI, which could result in increased capital and market access, many countries have improved the operational conditions for foreign affiliates and strengthened standards of treatment and protection. By assuring investors that their investment will be legally protected with closed bilateral investment treaties (BITs) and double taxation treaties (DTTs), this in turn creates greater interest in FDI.

The European Union has undergone major changes in the last decade, including Treaty reform, and a significant expansion of activity in foreign and security policy, and justice and home affairs. In the first edition of this influential textbook, a team of leading lawyers and political scientists reflected upon the important developments in their chosen area over the time since the EC was formed. This new edition continues this analysis ten years on. Taking into account the social and political background, and without losing sight of the changes that came before, in each chapter the contributors analyze the principle themes and assess the legal and political forces that have shaped its development. Each author addresses a specific topic, event, or theme, from the European Court of Justice to Treaty reform; the enlargement of the EU to administrative law; the effect of EU law on culture to climate change. Together the chapters tell the story of the rapid development of EU law - its past, present, and future.

For far too many of us, modern life is a struggle. We are stressed, depressed, anxious, addicted, obese, terrified, and angry. Are we doomed to live this way? Dr. John McGrail answers with an emphatic: “No. Anyone and everyone can create the life of their dreams.” In The Synthesis Effect he shows you how, sharing his unique process in an engaging, friendly narrative that includes stories of real people overcoming real issues and empowering their lives quickly and profoundly. The Synthesis Effect will show you: How you became you—your personality, values, feelings, habits, beliefs, and behaviors—how you create your own reality, and why it’s so difficult to change it. That you already have everything you need within you to change and transform your life, and how to use the models, tools, techniques, and exercises of Synthesis to do so. How to reach “practical enlightenment,” living your life virtually free of suffering...and how to pass it on to others. The Synthesis Effect provides simple, powerful, and clinically proven techniques for creating personal change and transformation while outlining a realistic roadmap to help us rediscover our power, save ourselves, and save our planet.

"To demonstrate this, the author models the incentives that the initiative process creates for interests to organize and for how they communicate their preferences to policy makers. Interests that represent a broader range of the public are found to gain the most from the option to propose initiatives, implying that the set of organized interests in initiative states should reflect this advantage. Ironically, an effect of direct legislation is to potentially increase the effectiveness of special interest lobbying in state legislatures - in a sense, the opposite of the direct control that gives direct legislation its theoretical appeal. Yet, the clear effect is one of empowering voices that traditionally had very little effect in the legislative process.

First Published in 1995. This is Volume II of a series on Environmental Technology. The series will be of use to operators of industrial processes as well as regulatory bodies and those involved in environmental consultancy, and some titles will be appropriate for degree-level courses. The generation of material wealth through industrial production carries with it inevitable impacts on the environment. The challenge to society is to reconcile these factors so as to achieve a high level of protection for the environment as a whole whilst continuing to enjoy the benefits of industrial activities. The author explores the implications of the Doctrine of Direct Effect in the context of EU directives concerning the environment. In particular, attention is focused on implementation of the Directive on pollution caused by certain dangerous substances discharged into the aquatic environment of the Community (76/464/EEC), commonly referred to as the Dangerous Substances Directive.

First Published in 1995. Routledge is an imprint of Taylor & Francis, an informa company.