This book is about “diamond”, a logic of paradox. In diamond, a statement can be true yet false; an “imaginary” state, midway between being and non-being. Diamond's imaginary values solve many logical paradoxes unsolvable in two-valued Boolean logic. In this volume, paradoxes by Russell, Cantor, Berry and Zeno are all resolved. This book has three sections: Paradox Logic, which covers the classic paradoxes of mathematical logic, shows how they can be resolved in this new system; The Second Paradox, which relates diamond to Boolean logic and the Spencer-Brown “modulator”; and Metamathematical Dilemma, which relates diamond to Gödelian metamathematics and dilemma games.

This book is about “diamond”, a logic of paradox. In diamond, a statement can be true yet false; an “imaginary” state, midway between being and non-being. Diamond's imaginary values solve many logical paradoxes unsolvable in two-valued boolean logic. Diamond is a new way to solve the dilemmas of higher mathematics. In this volume, paradoxes by Russell, Cantor, Berry and Zeno are all resolved. This book consists of two sections: Elementary; which covers the classic paradoxes of mathematical logic and shows how they can be resolved in this new system; and Advanced, which relates diamond to Boolean logic, three-valued logic, Gödelian meta-mathematics and dilemma games.

This book is about ?diamond?, a logic of paradox. In diamond, a statement can be true yet false; an ?imaginary? state, midway between being and non-being. Diamond's imaginary values solve many logical paradoxes unsolvable in two-valued Boolean logic. In this volume, paradoxes by Russell, Cantor, Berry and Zeno are all resolved. This book has three sections: Paradox Logic, which covers the classic paradoxes of mathematical logic, shows how they can be resolved in this new system; The Second Paradox, which relates diamond to Boolean logic and the Spencer?Brown ?modulator?; and Metamathematical Dilemma, which relates diamond to G”delian metamathematics and dilemma games.

This book is about “delta”, a paradox logic. In delta, a statement can be true yet false; an intermediate state, midway between being and non-being. Delta's imaginary value solves many paradoxes unsolvable in two-valued Boolean logic, including Russell's, Cantor's, Berry's and Zeno's.Delta has three parts: “inner delta logic”, covering “Kleenean logic”, which resolves self-reference; outer delta logic, covering Z mod 3, conjugate logics, cyclic distribution, and the voter's paradox; and “beyond delta logic”, covering four-valued logic and games.

The physical properties of knotted and linked configurations in space have long been of interest to mathematicians. More recently, these properties have become significant to biologists, physicists, and engineers among others. Their depth of importance and breadth of application are now widely appreciated and valuable progress continues to be made each year.This volume presents several contributions from researchers using computers to study problems that would otherwise be intractable. While computations have long been used to analyze problems, formulate conjectures, and search for special structures in knot theory, increased computational power has made them a staple in many facets of the field. The volume also includes contributions concentrating on models researchers use to understand knotting, linking, and entanglement in physical and biological systems. Topics include properties of knot invariants, knot tabulation, studies of hyperbolic structures, knot energies, the exploration of spaces of knots, knotted umbilical cords, studies of knots in DNA and proteins, and the structure of tight knots. Together, the chapters explore four major themes: physical knot theory, knot theory in the life sciences, computational knot theory, and geometric knot theory.

This book studies dihedral groups, dicyclic groups, other finite subgroups of the 3-dimensional sphere, and the 2-fold extensions of the symmetric group on 4 letters from the point of view of decorated string diagrams of permutations. These are our metaphorical quipu. As you might expect, the book is replete with illustrations. In (almost) all cases, explicit diagrams for the elements of the group are given. The exception is the binary icosahedral group in which only the generators and relations are exhibited.

Almost since the advent of skein-theoretic invariants of knots and links (the Jones, HOMFLY, and Kauffman polynomials), the important role of categories of tangles in the connection between low-dimensional topology and quantum-group theory has been recognized. The rich categorical structures naturally arising from the considerations of cobordisms have suggested functorial views of topological field theory.This book begins with a detailed exposition of the key ideas in the discovery of monoidal categories of tangles as central objects of study in low-dimensional topology. The focus then turns to the deformation theory of monoidal categories and the related deformation theory of monoidal functors, which is a proper generalization of Gerstenhaber's deformation theory of associative algebras. These serve as the building blocks for a deformation theory of braided monoidal categories which gives rise to sequences of Vassiliev invariants of framed links, and clarify their interrelations.

This volume is the result of the author's many-years of research in this field. These results were presented in the author's two books, Introduction to the Algorithmic Measurement Theory (Moscow, Soviet Radio, 1977), and Codes of the Golden Proportion (Moscow, Radio and Communications, 1984), which had not been translated into English and are therefore not known to English-speaking audience. This volume sets forth new informational and arithmetical fundamentals of computer and measurement systems based on Fibonacci p-codes and codes of the golden p-proportions, and also on Bergman's system and 'golden' ternary mirror-symmetrical arithmetic. The book presents some new historical hypotheses concerning the origin of the Egyptian calendar and the Babylonian numeral system with base 60 (dodecahedral hypothesis), as well as about the origin of the Mayan's calendar and their numeral system with base 20 (icosahedral hypothesis). The book is intended for the college and university level. The book will also be of interest to all researchers, who use the golden ratio and Fibonacci numbers in their subject areas, and to all readers who are interested to the history of mathematics.

It is not uncommon for the Principle of Complementarity to be invoked in either Science or Philosophy, viz. the ancient oriental philosophy of Yin and Yang whose symbolic representation is portrayed on the cover of the book. Or Niels Bohr's use of it as the basis for the so-called Copenhagen interpretation of Quantum Mechanics. This book arose as an outgrowth of the author's previous book entitled 'Knots, Braids and Moebius Strips,' published by World Scientific in 2015, wherein the Principle itself was discovered to be expressible as a simple 2x2 matrix that summarizes the algebraic essence of both the well-known Microbiology of DNA and the author's version of the elementary particles of physics. At that point, the possibility of an even wider utilization of that expression of Complementarity arose.The current book, features Complementarity, in which the matrix algebra is extended to characterize not only DNA itself but the well-known process of its replication, a most gratifying outcome. The book then goes on to explore Complementarity, with and without its matrix expression, as it occurs, not only in much of physics but in its extension to cosmology as well.

This book contains an in-depth overview of the current state of the recently emerged and rapidly growing theory of Gnk groups, picture-valued invariants, and braids for arbitrary manifolds. Equivalence relations arising in low-dimensional topology and combinatorial group theory inevitably lead to the study of invariants, and good invariants should be strong and apparent. An interesting case of such invariants is picture-valued invariants, whose values are not algebraic objects, but geometrical constructions, like graphs or polyhedra.In 2015, V O Manturov defined a two-parametric family of groups Gnk and formulated the following principle: if dynamical systems describing a motion of n particles possess a nice codimension 1 property governed by exactly k particles then these dynamical systems possess topological invariants valued in Gnk.The book is devoted to various realisations and generalisations of this principle in the broad sense. The groups Gnk have many epimorphisms onto free products of cyclic groups; hence, invariants constructed from them are powerful enough and easy to compare. However, this construction does not work when we try to deal with points on a 2-surface, since there may be infinitely many geodesics passing through two points. That leads to the notion of another family of groups — Γnk, which give rise to braids on arbitrary manifolds yielding invariants of arbitrary manifolds.