The goals of this Phase I STTR project were to address the technical feasibility and commercial aspects of producing high-density fluorine-rich compounds that are significantly more reactive and energetic than conventional explosives to neutralize and destroy chemical and biological agents During the one-year, Phase I STTR grant to NeTech, Inc., with subcontract to the University of Florida Department of Chemistry, the broad goals of the incipient project have been accomplished.

This Phase II STTR project addressed the laboratory production and testing and commercialization aspects of producing high-density fluorine-rich compounds that are significantly more reactive and energetic than conventional explosives to neutralize and destroy chemical and biological agents. The project combined the scientific research base of the University of Florida Department of Chemistry and Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering with the analytical skills and technology marketing expertise of New Era Technology, Inc. (NeTech) to conduct this Phase II STTR, R & D effort. Development of fluorine-rich compounds-particularly SF5 bearing polymers-is important because of the deadly nature of the threat posed by biological and nerve agents (BANA).

Advanced Fluoride-Based Materials for Energy Conversion provides thorough and applied information on new fluorinated materials for chemical energy devices, exploring the electrochemical properties and behavior of fluorinated materials in lithium ion and sodium ion batteries, fluoropolymers in fuel cells, and fluorinated carbon in capacitors, while also exploring synthesis applications, and both safety and stability issues. As electronic devices, from cell phones to hybrid and electric vehicles, are increasingly common and prevalent in modern lives and require dependable, stable chemical energy devices with high-level functions are becoming increasingly important. As research and development in this area progresses rapidly, fluorine compounds play a critical role in this rapid progression. Fluorine, with its small size and the highest electronegativity, yields stable compounds under various conditions for utilization as electrodes, electrolytes, and membranes in energy devices. The book is an ideal reference for the chemist, researcher, technician, or academic, presenting valuable, current insights into the synthesis of fluorine compounds and fluorination reactions using fluorinating agents. - Provides thorough and applied information on new fluorinated materials for chemical energy devices - Describes the emerging role of stable energy devices with high-level functions and the research surrounding the technology - Ideal for the chemist, research, technician, or academic seeking current insights into the synthesis of fluorine compounds and fluorination reactions using fluorinating agents

Fluorinated Materials for Energy Conversion offers advanced information on the application of fluorine chemistry to energy conversion materials for lithium batteries, fuel cells, solar cells and so on. Fluorine compounds and fluorination techniques have recently gained important roles in improving the electrochemical characteristics of such energy production devices. The book therefore focuses on new batteries with high performance, the improvements of cell performance and the improvement of electrode and cell characteristics. The authors present new information on the effect of fluorine and how to make use of fluorination techniques and fluorine compounds. With emphasis on recent developments, this book is suitable for students, researchers and engineers working in chemistry, materials science and electrical engineering. - Contains practical information, supported by examples - Provides an update on recent developments in the field - Written by specialists working in fluorine chemistry, electrochemistry, polymer and solid state chemistry

The book contains 30 top-notch chapter-reviews on recent methodological developments in the area of synthetic fluoro-organic chemistry, Fluorous technology, and biological applications of fluorinated compounds. Special emphases are given to the synthesis of biologically relevant compounds (alcohols, amines, alpha- and beta-amino acids, peptides), industrial-scale production of highly versatile, synthetically useful fluorinated synthons, as well Fluorous technology. The book has been designed to be a comprehensive snap-shot of current research activity in the field reviewed by internationally renowned leading experts from academic and industrial laboratories around the world. The topics covered in the book range from synthesis of small fluorinated molecules to peptides and macromolecules for crystal engineering. Substantial amount of data reviewed in the book have never been published. In particular cutting-age Fluorous technology, summarized in the book, will give the reader unprecedented prospective on new separation methods which will be on market in the nearest future. Taking into account the significant impact that fluorinated compounds have made on nearly all aspects of modern life this book is expected to be a current prime reference in the field and might be of interest to diverse readership.

Recently there has been a tremendous growth in the chemistry of fluoroorganic compounds, which find wide applicatiori in various fields of technique and are used to solve some basic theoretical problems. The chemical properties of these compounds are rather specific, as well as the methods for their preparation. We realized that no good handbooks on the preparation offluoro organic compounds were available, whereas the methods of pre paration are scattered in numerous scientific papers and patents. Even such a well-known publication as Organic Syntheses contains just a few methods of preparation of fluoroorganic compounds. As a consequence, not only for newcomers but even for specialists, searching for simple and convenient methods for the preparation of the required compounds is tedious. To alleviate the problem, we undertook to prepare this book, which presents detailed preparation methods of more than 300 flu oro organic compounds. Emphasis has been laid on syntheses of polyfluorinated compounds, since they are of major interest with respect to preparation and utility. Preparation of fluoroorganic compounds is based both on the classical methods of organic chemistry and on the specific ones, which is due to the difficulty or even impossibility of the direct introduction of fluorine into a definite position of organic mole cule. Most organic compounds of fluorine are prepared by a suc cession of conversions of a relatively small number of starting compounds.

This book covers both the fundamental and applied aspects of advanced Na-ion batteries (NIB) which have proven to be a potential challenger to Li-ion batteries. Both the chemistry and design of positive and negative electrode materials are examined. In NIB, the electrolyte is also a crucial part of the batteries and the recent research, showing a possible alternative to classical electrolytes – with the development of ionic liquid-based electrolytes – is also explored. Cycling performance in NIB is also strongly associated with the quality of the electrode-electrolyte interface, where electrolyte degradation takes place; thus, Na-ion Batteries details the recent achievements in furthering knowledge of this interface. Finally, as the ultimate goal is commercialization of this new electrical storage technology, the last chapters are dedicated to the industrial point of view, given by two startup companies, who developed two different NIB chemistries for complementary applications and markets.

Carbon materials form pores ranging in size and morphology, from micropores of less than 1nm, to macropores of more than 50nm, and from channel-like spaces with homogenous diameters in carbon nanotubes, to round spaces in various fullerene cages, including irregularly-shaped pores in polycrystalline carbon materials. The large quantity and rapid rate of absorption of various molecules made possible by these attributes of carbon materials are now used in the storage of foreign atoms and ions for energy storage, conversion and adsorption, and for environmental remediation. Porous Carbons: Syntheses and Applications focuses on the fabrication and application of porous carbons. It considers fabrication at three scales: micropores, mesopores, and macropores. Carbon foams, sponges, and 3D-structured carbons are detailed. The title presents applications in four key areas: energy storage, energy conversion, energy adsorption, including batteries, supercapacitors, and fuel cells and environmental remediation, emphasizing the importance of pore structures at the three scales, and the diffusion and storage of various ions and molecules. The book presents a short history of each technique and material, and assesses advantages and disadvantages. This focused book provides researchers with a comprehensive understanding of both pioneering and current synthesis techniques for porous carbons, and their modern applications. - Presents modern porous carbon synthesis techniques and modern applications of porous carbons - Presents current research on porous carbons in energy storage, conversion and adsorption, and in environmental remediation - Provides a history and assessment of both pioneering and current cutting-edge synthesis techniques and materials - Covers a significant range of precursor materials, preparation techniques, and characteristics - Considers the future development of porous carbons and their various potential applications

Energetic Nanomaterials: Synthesis, Characterization, and Application provides researchers in academia and industry the most novel and meaningful knowledge on nanoenergetic materials, covering the fundamental chemical aspects from synthesis to application. This valuable resource fills the current gap in book publications on nanoenergetics, the energetic nanomaterials that are applied in explosives, gun and rocket propellants, and pyrotechnic devices, which are expected to yield improved properties, such as a lower vulnerability towards shock initiation, enhanced blast, and environmentally friendly replacements of currently used materials. The current lack of a systematic and easily available book in this field has resulted in an underestimation of the input of nanoenergetic materials to modern technologies. This book is an indispensable resource for researchers in academia, industry, and research institutes dealing with the production and characterization of energetic materials all over the world. - Written by high-level experts in the field of nanoenergetics - Covers the hot topic of energetic nanomaterials, including nanometals and their applications in nanoexplosives - Fills a gap in energetic nanomaterials book publications