The Hardy–Littlewood circle method was invented over a century ago to study integer solutions to special Diophantine equations, but it has since proven to be one of the most successful all-purpose tools available to number theorists. Not only is it capable of handling remarkably general systems of polynomial equations defined over arbitrary global fields, but it can also shed light on the space of rational curves that lie on algebraic varieties. This book, in which the arithmetic of cubic polynomials takes centre stage, is aimed at bringing beginning graduate students into contact with some of the many facets of the circle method, both classical and modern. This monograph is the winner of the 2021 Ferran Sunyer i Balaguer Prize, a prestigious award for books of expository nature presenting the latest developments in an active area of research in mathematics.

The Hardy-Littlewood circle method was invented over a century ago to study integer solutions to special Diophantine equations, but it has since proven to be one of the most successful all-purpose tools available to number theorists. Not only is it capable of handling remarkably general systems of polynomial equations defined over arbitrary global fields, but it can also shed light on the space of rational curves that lie on algebraic varieties. This book, in which the arithmetic of cubic polynomials takes centre stage, is aimed at bringing beginning graduate students into contact with some of the many facets of the circle method, both classical and modern. This monograph is the winner of the 2021 Ferran Sunyer i Balaguer Prize, a prestigious award for books of expository nature presenting the latest developments in an active area of research in mathematics.

The circle method, pioneered by Ramanujan and Hardy in the early 20th century, has over the past 100 years become part of the standard tool chest of analytic number theory. Its scope of applications is ever-expanding, and the subject continues to see important breakthroughs. This book provides an introduction to the circle method that is accessible to undergraduate students with no background in number theory. The authors' goal is to show the students the elegance of the circle method and at the same time give a complete solution of the famous Waring problem as an illustration of the method. The first half of this book is a curated introduction to elementary number theory with an emphasis on topics needed for the second half. The second half showcases the two most “classic” applications of the circle method, to Waring's problem (following Hardy–Littlewood–Hua) and to Goldbach's conjectures (following Vinogradov, with improvements by Vaughan). This text is suitable for a one-semester undergraduate course or for independent study and will be a great entry point into this fascinating area of research.

A collection of papers inspired by the work of Britain's first Fields Medallist, Klaus Roth.

The circle method has its genesis in a paper of Hardy and Ramanujan (see [Hardy 1])in 1918concernedwiththepartitionfunction andtheproblemofrep resenting numbers as sums ofsquares. Later, in a series of papers beginning in 1920entitled "some problems of'partitio numerorum''', Hardy and Littlewood (see [Hardy 1]) created and developed systematically a new analytic method, the circle method in additive number theory. The most famous problems in ad ditive number theory, namely Waring's problem and Goldbach's problem, are treated in their papers. The circle method is also called the Hardy-Littlewood method. Waring's problem may be described as follows: For every integer k 2 2, there is a number s= s(k) such that every positive integer N is representable as (1) where Xi arenon-negative integers. This assertion wasfirst proved by Hilbert [1] in 1909. Using their powerful circle method, Hardy and Littlewood obtained a deeper result on Waring's problem. They established an asymptotic formula for rs(N), the number of representations of N in the form (1), namely k 1 provided that 8 2 (k - 2)2 - +5. Here

The world's leading authorities describe the state of the art in Serre's conjecture and rational points on algebraic varieties.

This volume aims at collecting survey papers which give broad and enlightening perspectives of various aspects of number theory. Kitaoka''s paper is a continuation of his earlier paper published in the last proceedings and pushes the research forward. Browning''s paper introduces a new direction of research on analytic number theory OCo quantitative theory of some surfaces and Bruedern et al ''s paper details state-of-the-art affairs of additive number theory. There are two papers on modular forms OCo Kohnen''s paper describes generalized modular forms (GMF) which has some applications in conformal field theory, while Liu''s paper is very useful for readers who want to have a quick introduction to Maass forms and some analytic-number-theoretic problems related to them. Matsumoto et al ''s paper gives a very thorough survey on functional relations of root system zeta-functions, HoshiOCoMiyake''s paper is a continuation of Miyake''s long and fruitful research on generic polynomials and gives rise to related Diophantine problems, and Jia''s paper surveys some dynamical aspects of a special arithmetic function connected with the distribution of prime numbers. There are two papers of collections of problems by Shparlinski on exponential and character sums and Schinzel on polynomials which will serve as an aid for finding suitable research problems. Yamamura''s paper is a complete bibliography on determinant expressions for a certain class number and will be useful to researchers. Thus the book gives a good-balance of classical and modern aspects in number theory and will be useful to researchers including enthusiastic graduate students. Sample Chapter(s). Chapter 1: Resent Progress on the Quantitative Arithmetic of Del Pezzo Surfaces (329 KB). Contents: Recent Progress on the Quantitative Arithmetic of Del Pezzo Surfaces (T D Browning); Additive Representation in Thin Sequences, VIII: Diophantine Inequalities in Review (J Brdern et al.); Recent Progress on Dynamics of a Special Arithmetic Function (C-H Jia); Some Diophantine Problems Arising from the Isomorphism Problem of Generic Polynomials (A Hoshi & K Miyake); A Statistical Relation of Roots of a Polynomial in Different Local Fields II (Y Kitaoka); Generalized Modular Functions and Their Fourier Coefficients (W Kohnen); Functional Relations for Zeta-Functions of Root Systems (Y Komori et al.); A Quick Introduction to Maass Forms (J-Y Liu); The Number of Non-Zero Coefficients of a Polynomial-Solved and Unsolved Problems (A Schinzel); Open Problems on Exponential and Character Sums (I E Shparlinski); Errata to OC A General Modular Relation in Analytic Number TheoryOCO (H Tsukada); Bibliography on Determinantal Expressions of Relative Class Numbers of Imaginary Abelian Number Fields (K Yamamura). Readership: Graduate students and researchers in mathematics.

This volume aims at collecting survey papers which give broad and enlightening perspectives of various aspects of number theory.Kitaoka's paper is a continuation of his earlier paper published in the last proceedings and pushes the research forward. Browning's paper introduces a new direction of research on analytic number theory — quantitative theory of some surfaces and Bruedern et al's paper details state-of-the-art affairs of additive number theory. There are two papers on modular forms — Kohnen's paper describes generalized modular forms (GMF) which has some applications in conformal field theory, while Liu's paper is very useful for readers who want to have a quick introduction to Maass forms and some analytic-number-theoretic problems related to them. Matsumoto et al's paper gives a very thorough survey on functional relations of root system zeta-functions, Hoshi-Miyake's paper is a continuation of Miyake's long and fruitful research on generic polynomials and gives rise to related Diophantine problems, and Jia's paper surveys some dynamical aspects of a special arithmetic function connected with the distribution of prime numbers. There are two papers of collections of problems by Shparlinski on exponential and character sums and Schinzel on polynomials which will serve as an aid for finding suitable research problems. Yamamura's paper is a complete bibliography on determinant expressions for a certain class number and will be useful to researchers.Thus the book gives a good-balance of classical and modern aspects in number theory and will be useful to researchers including enthusiastic graduate students.