This book provides the most comprehensive examination of community reinvestment and fair lending problems and policies currently available. It outlines the history of lending discrimination and redlining in U.S. mortgage and small business lending markets, and documents the persistence of such problems today. The author explains the role that government has played in developing banking and credit markets in the United States, from the creation of Alexander Hamilton's First Bank of the United States to the ongoing support government provides through the subsidization of secondary markets and through maintenance of critical regulatory infrastructure. Immergluck takes issue with those calling for deregulation of financial services - especially in the arena of fair lending and consumer protection - and gives new voice to rationales for social contract policies such as the Community Reinvestment Act. He provides new long-term analysis of the failure of federal bank regulators to enforce the CRA, and also shows how increased community activism and media attention have led to sporadic periods of stronger CRA enforcement. Finally, he recommends a number of policy changes that are needed to modernize the nation's fair lending and community reinvestment laws and make them more relevant for the 21st century.

This book provides the most comprehensive examination of community reinvestment and fair lending problems and policies currently available. It outlines the history of lending discrimination and redlining in U.S. mortgage and small business lending markets, and documents the persistence of such problems today. The author explains the role that government has played in developing banking and credit markets in the United States, from the creation of Alexander Hamilton's First Bank of the United States to the ongoing support government provides through the subsidization of secondary markets and through maintenance of critical regulatory infrastructure. Immergluck takes issue with those calling for deregulation of financial services - especially in the arena of fair lending and consumer protection - and gives new voice to rationales for social contract policies such as the Community Reinvestment Act. He provides new long-term analysis of the failure of federal bank regulators to enforce the CRA, and also shows how increased community activism and media attention have led to sporadic periods of stronger CRA enforcement. Finally, he recommends a number of policy changes that are needed to modernize the nation's fair lending and community reinvestment laws and make them more relevant for the 21st century.

Excerpt from The Community's Credit: A Consideration of the Principles, and Proposals of the Social Credit Movement Events to-day are moving far faster than ideas, and while governments and their expert advisers are seeking a cure for the economic malady along old, discredited lines, the governed are finding scant comfort in the out-worn formulæ of past decades and the platitudes of present-day politicians. And in the meantime the condition of modern industrial civilisation grows daily more serious. The present situation needs fresh analysis, and for its betterment, a new remedy. In the spring of the year 1920 there appeared the former of two remarkable books by Major C. H. Douglas. In "Economic Democracy," and later (assisted by Mr. A. R. Orage, late editor of "The New Age"), in "Credit-Power and Democracy" also. Major Douglas has undertaken a new and fundamental analysis of the industrial situation, and has pointed out the principles upon which any permanent solution of the present economic difficulties must be sought. The Social Credit Movement has arisen as a direct result of these two books, in order to study and develop the principles formulated therein, and to discover ways and means of carrying them into effect. About the Publisher Forgotten Books publishes hundreds of thousands of rare and classic books. Find more at www.forgottenbooks.com This book is a reproduction of an important historical work. Forgotten Books uses state-of-the-art technology to digitally reconstruct the work, preserving the original format whilst repairing imperfections present in the aged copy. In rare cases, an imperfection in the original, such as a blemish or missing page, may be replicated in our edition. We do, however, repair the vast majority of imperfections successfully; any imperfections that remain are intentionally left to preserve the state of such historical works.

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Clifford Rosenthal provides a 10,000-foot overview and historical context of the community development credit union (CDCU) movement, while scrutinizing his journey as a white man leading a predominantly non-white organization. In his quest for community-controlled capital, he raised directly or indirectly through his advocacy for $100 million in investments in low-income credit unions; and pioneering the community development financial institutions (CDFI) movement. His 40-year year career took Rosenthal from neighborhood co-op organizer, to credit union builder, then association president, and finally federal policymaker. Rosenthal writes as a credit union practitioner shaped by his training as a Russian historian and translator. More "co-conspirator" than ally, Rosenthal is a white man battling for capital and equity in communities of color, while acknowledging and confronting his own shortcomings as a leader.In contrast, Michael McCray gives a harrowing insider's account as a participant/eyewitness to history. McCray is a Black man fighting a federal regulator, the National Credit Union Administration (NCUA), in a white man's world. He brings "receipts"-- unique access to secret transcripts, doctored financial reports, and federal court documents which undergird a compelling argument that the regulator has mistreated small credit unions, especially in minority communities. McCray takes the reader behind closed doors at an NCUA board meeting and inside the courtroom as a small credit union fights for its life against federal attorneys and the Justice Department. McCray delivers a dramatic first-person account with primary source documents and forensic insights on the landmark KAPFCU v NCUA federal court case. Justifiably jaundiced, McCray's compelling writing style takes the readers on an inside-the-car, roller-coaster ride through a regulatory "Alice in Wonderland."Rosenthal is a historian, and McCray is a whistleblower. Together, we guide the reader through a race-tinted, bifocal examination of the long and ongoing struggle to redress economic inequity. If we have succeeded, the reader will learn not only about the barriers to DEI-Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion-at the highest level of government, but gain a better understanding of the pivotal role Black organizations like the Divine Nine and Black churches play in bringing providing capital access to marginalized communities.

In many rich democracies, access to financial markets is now a prerequisite for fully participating in labor and housing markets and pursuing educational opportunities. Indebted Societies introduces a new social policy theory of everyday borrowing to examine how the rise of credit as a private alternative to the welfare state creates a new kind of social and economic citizenship. Andreas Wiedemann provides a rich study of income volatility and rising household indebtedness across OECD countries. Weaker social policies and a flexible knowledge economy have increased costs for housing, education, and raising a family - forcing many people into debt. By highlighting how credit markets interact with welfare states, the book helps explain why similar groups of people are more indebted in some countries than others. Moreover, it addresses the fundamental question of whether individuals, states, or markets should be responsible for addressing socio-economic risks and providing social opportunities.