Coronaviridae Infections: Advances in Research and Treatment: 2011 Edition is a ScholarlyPaper™ that delivers timely, authoritative, and intensively focused information about Coronaviridae Infections in a compact format. The editors have built Coronaviridae Infections: Advances in Research and Treatment: 2011 Edition on the vast information databases of ScholarlyNews.™ You can expect the information about Coronaviridae Infections in this eBook to be deeper than what you can access anywhere else, as well as consistently reliable, authoritative, informed, and relevant. The content of Coronaviridae Infections: Advances in Research and Treatment: 2011 Edition has been produced by the world’s leading scientists, engineers, analysts, research institutions, and companies. All of the content is from peer-reviewed sources, and all of it is written, assembled, and edited by the editors at ScholarlyEditions™ and available exclusively from us. You now have a source you can cite with authority, confidence, and credibility. More information is available at http://www.ScholarlyEditions.com/.

Coronaviridae Infections—Advances in Research and Treatment: 2012 Edition is a ScholarlyBrief™ that delivers timely, authoritative, comprehensive, and specialized information about Coronaviridae Infections in a concise format. The editors have built Coronaviridae Infections—Advances in Research and Treatment: 2012 Edition on the vast information databases of ScholarlyNews.™ You can expect the information about Coronaviridae Infections in this eBook to be deeper than what you can access anywhere else, as well as consistently reliable, authoritative, informed, and relevant. The content of Coronaviridae Infections—Advances in Research and Treatment: 2012 Edition has been produced by the world’s leading scientists, engineers, analysts, research institutions, and companies. All of the content is from peer-reviewed sources, and all of it is written, assembled, and edited by the editors at ScholarlyEditions™ and available exclusively from us. You now have a source you can cite with authority, confidence, and credibility. More information is available at http://www.ScholarlyEditions.com/.

Nidovirales Infections: Advances in Research and Treatment: 2011 Edition is a ScholarlyPaper™ that delivers timely, authoritative, and intensively focused information about Nidovirales Infections in a compact format. The editors have built Nidovirales Infections: Advances in Research and Treatment: 2011 Edition on the vast information databases of ScholarlyNews.™ You can expect the information about Nidovirales Infections in this eBook to be deeper than what you can access anywhere else, as well as consistently reliable, authoritative, informed, and relevant. The content of Nidovirales Infections: Advances in Research and Treatment: 2011 Edition has been produced by the world’s leading scientists, engineers, analysts, research institutions, and companies. All of the content is from peer-reviewed sources, and all of it is written, assembled, and edited by the editors at ScholarlyEditions™ and available exclusively from us. You now have a source you can cite with authority, confidence, and credibility. More information is available at http://www.ScholarlyEditions.com/.

Coronavirus Infections: Advances in Research and Treatment: 2011 Edition is a ScholarlyPaper™ that delivers timely, authoritative, and intensively focused information about Coronavirus Infections in a compact format. The editors have built Coronavirus Infections: Advances in Research and Treatment: 2011 Edition on the vast information databases of ScholarlyNews.™ You can expect the information about Coronavirus Infections in this eBook to be deeper than what you can access anywhere else, as well as consistently reliable, authoritative, informed, and relevant. The content of Coronavirus Infections: Advances in Research and Treatment: 2011 Edition has been produced by the world’s leading scientists, engineers, analysts, research institutions, and companies. All of the content is from peer-reviewed sources, and all of it is written, assembled, and edited by the editors at ScholarlyEditions™ and available exclusively from us. You now have a source you can cite with authority, confidence, and credibility. More information is available at http://www.ScholarlyEditions.com/.

Coronavirus Infections—Advances in Research and Treatment: 2012 Edition is a ScholarlyPaper™ that delivers timely, authoritative, and intensively focused information about Coronavirus Infections in a compact format. The editors have built Coronavirus Infections—Advances in Research and Treatment: 2012 Edition on the vast information databases of ScholarlyNews.™ You can expect the information about Coronavirus Infections in this eBook to be deeper than what you can access anywhere else, as well as consistently reliable, authoritative, informed, and relevant. The content of Coronavirus Infections—Advances in Research and Treatment: 2012 Edition has been produced by the world’s leading scientists, engineers, analysts, research institutions, and companies. All of the content is from peer-reviewed sources, and all of it is written, assembled, and edited by the editors at ScholarlyEditions™ and available exclusively from us. You now have a source you can cite with authority, confidence, and credibility. More information is available at http://www.ScholarlyEditions.com/.

The emergence of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) in late 2002 and 2003 challenged the global public health community to confront a novel epidemic that spread rapidly from its origins in southern China until it had reached more than 25 other countries within a matter of months. In addition to the number of patients infected with the SARS virus, the disease had profound economic and political repercussions in many of the affected regions. Recent reports of isolated new SARS cases and a fear that the disease could reemerge and spread have put public health officials on high alert for any indications of possible new outbreaks. This report examines the response to SARS by public health systems in individual countries, the biology of the SARS coronavirus and related coronaviruses in animals, the economic and political fallout of the SARS epidemic, quarantine law and other public health measures that apply to combating infectious diseases, and the role of international organizations and scientific cooperation in halting the spread of SARS. The report provides an illuminating survey of findings from the epidemic, along with an assessment of what might be needed in order to contain any future outbreaks of SARS or other emerging infections.

Infectious diseases are the leading cause of death globally, particularly among children and young adults. The spread of new pathogens and the threat of antimicrobial resistance pose particular challenges in combating these diseases. Major Infectious Diseases identifies feasible, cost-effective packages of interventions and strategies across delivery platforms to prevent and treat HIV/AIDS, other sexually transmitted infections, tuberculosis, malaria, adult febrile illness, viral hepatitis, and neglected tropical diseases. The volume emphasizes the need to effectively address emerging antimicrobial resistance, strengthen health systems, and increase access to care. The attainable goals are to reduce incidence, develop innovative approaches, and optimize existing tools in resource-constrained settings.

Infectious diseases are caused by microorganisms that release toxins or invade body tissues. The most common pathogenic organisms are bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa, and helminths. Systemic infections usually cause fevers, chills, sweats, malaise, and occasionally headache, muscle and joint pain, or changes in mental status, and even septic shock-MODS. Infectious diseases have always threatened populations and caused great loss of life in history, but since the last century, with the discovery of antibiotics, historical trends have been reversed. It is reported that between 1990 and 2017, age-standardized disability-adjusted life year (DALY) rates decreased by 41.3% (38.8-43.5) for infectious diseases. However, in 2017, lower respiratory infections are still ranked as the third cause of DALYs. Drug therapy is the one of most critical management strategies for infectious diseases. Efficacy and safety of drug therapy should always be considered, especially in elders, neonates and immunosuppressed patients. Off-label drug therapy has been performed for complex infectious diseases, especially for new emerging infectious diseases. However, off-label drug therapy can be extremely complex: some are prone to rational use, while others are more susceptible to the issues of irrational use. With the increasing rate of publication of data in this area, new evidence for the efficacy and safety of different treatment approaches is constantly developing. Thus, rigorous analysis of such data is imperative, which will guide future clinical practice and guidelines.

Tuberculosis (TB) is a global infectious disease caused by the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex. The number of deaths caused by TB is second only to COVID-19. Therefore, vaccination plays an essential role in the prevention and control of TB. However, the efficacy of currently licensed TB vaccine, bacilli Calmette-Guérin (BCG), varies from 0%-80% in adults, and the protection only lasts for 10-15 years. Thus, there is an urgent need to develop advanced TB vaccines against TB infections.