This book is a compelling and balanced history of the California missions and their impact on the Indians they tried to convert. Focusing primarily on the religious conflict between the two groups, it sheds new light on the tensions, accomplishments, and limitations of the California mission experience. James A. Sandos, an eminent authority on the American West, traces the history of the Franciscan missions from the creation of the first one in 1769 until they were turned over to the public in 1836. Addressing such topics as the singular theology of the missions, the role of music in bonding Indians to Franciscan enterprises, the diseases caused by contact with the missions, and the Indian resistance to missionary activity, Sandos not only describes what happened in the California missions but offers a persuasive explanation for why it happened.

"This synthesis of history, anthropology, and linguistics gives a view of the first two hundred years of the Spanish colonization of the Yucatec Maya. Drawing on a range of sources, it documents the crucial role played by language in cultural conquest: how colonial Mayan emerged in the age of the cross, how it was taken up by native writers to become the language of indigenous literature, and how it ultimately became the language of rebellion against the system that produced it. The book includes analyses of the linguistic practices of both missionaries and Mayas--as found in bilingual dictionaries, grammars, catechisms, land documents, native chronicles, petitions, and the forbidden Maya Books of Chilam Balam. It presents an approach to the study of religious and cultural conversion that aims to illuminate the history of Latin America and beyond."--

This pathbreaking synthesis of history, anthropology, and linguistics gives an unprecedented view of the first two hundred years of the Spanish colonization of the Yucatec Maya. Drawing on an extraordinary range and depth of sources, William F. Hanks documents for the first time the crucial role played by language in cultural conquest: how colonial Mayan emerged in the age of the cross, how it was taken up by native writers to become the language of indigenous literature, and how it ultimately became the language of rebellion against the system that produced it. Converting Words includes original analyses of the linguistic practices of both missionaries and Mayas-as found in bilingual dictionaries, grammars, catechisms, land documents, native chronicles, petitions, and the forbidden Maya Books of Chilam Balam. Lucidly written and vividly detailed, this important work presents a new approach to the study of religious and cultural conversion that will illuminate the history of Latin America and beyond, and will be essential reading across disciplinary boundaries.

Every eighth and ninth grade student in California must participate in the STAR program…Are you ready for the STAR Mathematics Exam? REA’s California STAR Grades 8 & 9 Mathematics test prep helps you sharpen your skills and pass the exam! Fully aligned with the learning standards of the California Department of Education, this second edition of our popular test prep provides the up-to-date instruction and practice that eighth and ninth grade students need to improve their math skills and pass this important state-required exam. The comprehensive review features student-friendly, easy-to-follow lessons and examples that reinforce the key concepts tested on the STAR, including: Arithmetic Algebra Geometry Data Analysis Statistics Word Problems Focused lessons explain math concepts in easy-to-understand language that’s suitable for eighth and ninth grade students at any learning level. Our tutorials and targeted drills increase comprehension while enhancing your math skills. Color icons and graphics throughout the book highlight practice problems, charts, and figures. The book contains four diagnostic tests that are perfect for classroom quizzes, homework, or extra study. A full-length practice exam lets you test your knowledge and reinforces what you’ve learned. The practice test comes complete with detailed explanations of answers, allowing you to focus on areas in need of further study. REA’s test-taking tips and strategies give you an added boost of confidence so you can succeed on the exam. Whether used in a classroom, at home for self-study, or as a textbook supplement, teachers, parents, and students will consider this book a “must-have” prep for the STAR. REA test preps have proven to be the extra support students need to pass their challenging state-required tests. Our comprehensive test preps are teacher-recommended and written by experienced educators.

Wilson's reconceptualization of the American project of conversion begins with the story of Henry 'Ōpūkaha'ia, the first Hawaiian convert to Christianity, torn from his Native Pacific homeland and transplanted to New England. Wilson argues that 'Ōpūkaha'ia's conversion is both remarkable and prototypically American.

Economic assessment of air pollution benefits and conversion costs associated with transit bus use of methanol rather than diesel in Southern California.