Clathrochelates are compounds which contain a metal ion encapsulated within a three dimensional cage of macrobicyclic ligand atoms. Within this cage the metal has unique properties and is to a great extent isolated from environmental factors. Such complexes are suitable as models of the most essential biological systems, membrane transport, electron carriers, highly selective and sensitive analytical reagents, catalysts for photochemical and redox processes, cation and anion receptors, etc. The aim of this monograph is to generalize and analyze experimental and theoretical data on clathrochelates in order to promote further research in this promising field of chemistry.Chapter 1 gives general concepts of complexes with encapsulated metal ions, discusses basic specific features of these compounds, considers and characterizes the main types of compounds with encapsulated metal ions and the main classes of clathrochelates, and includes the current nomenclature. Chapter 2 deals with the pathways of clathrochelate synthesis and the general procedures for the synthesis of macrobicyclic tris-dioximates, phosphorus-containing tris-diiminates, sepulchrates, sarcophagi-nates, and polyene and other types of clathrochelate complexes. Chapter 3 concerns studies of the electronic and spatial structure of clathrochelate complexes. In Chapter 4, the kinetics and mechanism of synthesis and decomposition reactions of macrobicyclic tris-dioximates, sarcophaginates, and sepulchrates in solution and gas phases are discussed. Chapter 5 considers the electrochemical, photochemical, and some other characteristics of clathrochelates and their applications associated with these characteristics. Finally, the practical applications of the unique properties of clathrochelates and perspectives on the synthesis of new clathrochelates are described in Chapters 6 and 7, respectively.

This fundamental book presents the most comprehensive summary of the current state in chemistry of cage metal complexes. After their previous book “The Encapsulation Phenomenon” (www.springer.com/978-3-319-27737-0) the authors in this book focus on the encapsulation of metal ions by different types of three-dimensional mono- and polynucleating caging ligands. Within these cage metal complexes, (metal) ions can be isolated from external factors. The book provides both a classification of the cage compounds and summaries of synthetic approaches. On that basis the authors then describe the unique chemical and physical properties and the resulting reactivity of the cage compounds, as well as practical and potential applications as potent topological drugs and prodrugs, antifibrillogenic agents, radiodiagnostic and radiotherapeutic compounds, paramagnetic probes, single-molecule magnets, electrocatalysts for hydrogen production, (photo)electronic devices, and many more. Readers will find a well-structured and concise overview, with particular emphasis on a review of synthesis and reactivity of various cage metal complexes, summarizing over 400 literature references, clearly presented in over 300 color schemes and figures.

The synthesis of macrocycles is an art in itself. Template-controlled synthesis provides elegant access to fascinating macrocyclic structures. Polyazamacrocycles, crown ethers, cryptands, rotaxanes, knots -- the range of macrocyclic compounds is as broad as their potential application as molecular switches, in ion exchange, electron transfer or catalysis. This book provides authoritative information on all aspects of template-controlled macrocyclizations. It covers in depth the current state of research on template processes - novel synthetic techniques and mechanistic approaches. The critical discussion of the diverse synthetic routes includes the detailed characterization of the broad variety of macrocyclic products. References to applications of macrocyclic compounds and over 1,500 citations make this handbook an indispensable tool for chemists in academia and industry. Researchers in organic and supramolecular chemistry, biotechnology, and inorganic chemistry will find inspiration for the design, synthesis, and myriad uses of new synthetic macrocycles.

Scientific Study from the year 2020 in the subject Veterinary medicine, grade: 500, , language: English, abstract: The monograph summarizes for the first time the data of the literature and own preclinical and clinical studies of iron (IV) clatrochelate. Data on its physicochemical properties, acute and chronic toxicity, features of accumulation of iron in new rare valences in the form of clatrochelate are described. For the first time its antianemic activity is characterized. The scientific publication is intended for a wide range of scientists, teachers, graduate students, students of higher education institutions, veterinary specialists. An animal health is now regarded as one of the factors of the veterinary well-being in every country, so the issue of treating animals with pathological conditions and their prevention is given considerable attention by both scientists and veterinary practitioners. Uncontrolled usage of medicines cause an increase of toxic effects in human and animals organisms. In accordance with the guidelines of the preclinical study of drugs, every new drug must be evaluated for the following indicators: the toxicity of the bioassay to infusoria; the toxicity in laboratory animals after a single administration (acute toxicity); the cumulative properties; the toxicity in laboratory animals after long-term administration (chronic toxicity). The following study works with animal obduction and shows the methodology in pictures.

Density Functional Theory (or DFT for short) is a potent methodology useful for calculating and understanding the molecular and electronic structure of atoms, molecules, clusters, and solids. Its use relies not only in the ability to calculate the molecular properties of the species of interest but also provides interesting concepts that allow a better comprehension of the chemical reactivity of the studied systems. This book represents an attempt to present examples on the utility of DFT for the understanding of the chemical reactivity through descriptors that constitute the basis of the so called Conceptual DFT (sometimes also named as Chemical Reactivity Theory) as well as the application of the theory and its related computational procedures in the determination of the molecular properties of different systems of academic and industrial interest.

Over the last decade our view of chemistry has evolved substantially. Whereas individual researchers previously focused on specific areas of chemistry, such as inorganic, organic, etc. we now take a more holistic approach. Effective and efficient research projects now incorporate whatever aspects of the chemistry subdisciplines that are needed to complete the intended work. The main group elements have always been used in this manner. Depending on the use of the elements, the resulting work can be described under any heading of chemistry. The group 13 elements have been special in this regard due to the very unique characters of the constituent elements. Thus, there is a dramatic change in the properties of the elements when proceeding through the series, B, A1, Ga, In, T1. This difference is one of the main reasons why these elements have seen, and continue to see, such widespread usage in such disparate applications as organic synthesis, electronic and structural materials, and catalysis, to name but a few.

This fundamental book presents the most comprehensive summary of the current state of the art in the chemistry of cage compounds. It introduces different ways of how ions and molecules can be encapsulated by three-dimensional caging ligands to form molecular and polymeric species: covalent, supramolecular, and coordination capsules. The authors introduce their classification, reactivity, and selected practical applications. Because encapsulation can isolate caged ions and molecules from external factors, the encapsulated species can exhibit unique physical and chemical properties. The resulting specific reactivity and selectivity can open up a range of applications, including chemical separation, recognition, chiral separation, catalysis, applications as sensors or probes, as molecular or supramolecular devices, or molecular carriers (cargo).A particularly strong emphasis in this book is on the summary and review of the synthesis of various types of cage compounds. Readers will find over 850 literature references summarized and clearly represented in over 600 schemes and illustrations. The book is structured by the types of caging ligands (covalent, supramolecular, or coordination capsules). The authors further arranged the chapters by ligand classes and types of encapsulated species (neutral molecules, anions, or cations). Readers will hence find an exhaustive reference resource and summary of the current state of research into encapsulated species, nowadays almost a separated realm of modern chemistry.

The volumes in this continuing series provide a compilation of current techniques and ideas in inorganic synthetic chemistry. Includes inorganic polymer syntheses and preparation of important inorganic solids, syntheses used in the development of pharmacologically active inorganic compounds, small-molecule coordination complexes, and related compounds. Also contains valuable information on transition organometallic compounds including species with metal-metal cluster molecules. All syntheses presented here have been tested.

The volumes in this continuing series provide a compilation of current techniques and ideas in inorganic synthetic chemistry. Includes inorganic polymer syntheses and preparation of important inorganic solids, syntheses used in the development of pharmacologically active inorganic compounds, small-molecule coordination complexes, and related compounds. Also contains valuable information on transition organometallic compounds including species with metal-metal cluster molecules. All syntheses presented here have been tested.