Cities in Evolution. Diachronic Transformations of Urban and Rural Settlements, Proceedings of the VIII AACCP symposium, Özyeğin University, Istanbul 2021, Volume I, Edited by Alessandro Camiz, Zeynep Ceylanlı and Özge Özkuvancı, DRUM Press, Istanbul, 2023, Printed by Lulu.com, Raleigh, NC, USA ISBN: 978-1-4710-8630-4 Dynamic Research on Urban Morphology Books, 3 Book series directed by Alessandro Camiz http: //labs.ozyegin.edu.tr/drum/books/ Copyright (c) 2023 Alessandro Camiz All the papers in this volume were double peer-reviewed by the symposium's scientific committee. The editors of this volume decline all responsibilities for the images published in this volume, the authors are responsible for the images provided in their paper. AACCP (Architecture, Archaeology and Contemporary City Planning) General coordinators: Per Elias Cornell, University of Gothenburg, Sweden Giorgio Verdiani, University of Florence, Italy Liisa Seppänen, University of Turku, Finland Özyeğin University, Faculty of Architecture and Design, Dynamic Research on Urban Morphology-DRUM laboratory Diachronic transformations of the built environment https: //labs.ozyegin.edu.tr/drum

Cities in Evolution. Diachronic Transformations of Urban and Rural Settlements,Proceedings of the VIII AACCP symposium, Özyeğin University, Istanbul 2021,Volume III, Edited by Ezgi Çiçek, Özge Özkuvancı and Alessandro Camiz, DRUMPress, Istanbul, 2023, Printed by Lulu.com, Raleigh, NC, USAISBN: 978-1-4478-0514-4Dynamic Research on Urban Morphology Books, 5Book series directed by Alessandro Camizhttp://labs.ozyegin.edu.tr/drum/books/Copyright © 2023 Alessandro CamizAll the papers in this volume were double peer-reviewed by the symposium'sscientific committee.The editors of this volume decline all responsibilities for the images published inthis volume, the authors are responsible for the images provided in their paper.AACCP (Architecture, Archaeology and Contemporary City Planning)General coordinators:Per Elias Cornell, University of Gothenburg, SwedenGiorgio Verdiani, University of Florence, ItalyLiisa Seppänen, University of Turku, FinlandÖzyeğin University, Faculty of Architecture and Design, Dynamic Research onUrban Morphology-DRUM laboratoryDiachronic transformations of the built environmenthttps://labs.ozyegin.edu.tr/drum

Cities in Evolution. Diachronic Transformations of Urban and Rural Settlements, Proceedings of the VIII AACCP symposium, Özyeğin University, Istanbul 2021, Volume II, Edited by Zeynep Ceylanlı, Pelin Günay and Ezgi Çiçek, DRUM Press, Istanbul, 2023, Printed by Lulu.com, Raleigh, NC, USA ISBN: 978-1-4478-0517-5 Dynamic Research on Urban Morphology Books, 4 Book series directed by Alessandro Camiz http: //labs.ozyegin.edu.tr/drum/books/ Copyright (c) 2023 Alessandro Camiz All the papers in this volume were double peer-reviewed by the symposium's scientific committee. The editors of this volume decline all responsibilities for the images published in this volume, the authors are responsible for the images provided in their paper. AACCP (Architecture, Archaeology and Contemporary City Planning) General coordinators: Per Elias Cornell, University of Gothenburg, Sweden Giorgio Verdiani, University of Florence, Italy Liisa Seppänen, University of Turku, Finland Özyeğin University, Faculty of Architecture and Design, Dynamic Research on Urban Morphology-DRUM laboratory Diachronic transformations of the built environment https: //labs.ozyegin.edu.tr/drum

CITIES IN EVOLUTION. DIACHRONIC TRANSFORMATIONS OF URBAN AND RURAL SETTLEMENTS Book of abstracts VIII AACCP (Architecture, Archaeology and Contemporary City Planning) symposium, 2021 Edited by: Alessandro Camiz, Zeynep Ceylanlı, Zeren Önsel Atala and Özge Özkuvancı, DRUM Press, Istanbul, 2021. ISBN: 978-1-716-22187-3

This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. To ensure a quality reading experience, this work has been proofread and republished using a format that seamlessly blends the original graphical elements with text in an easy-to-read typeface. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.

City and Country: The Historical Evolution of Urban-Rural Systems begins with a simple assumption: every human requires, on average, two-thousand calories per day to stay alive. Tracing the ramifications of this insight leads to the caloric well: the caloric demand at one point in the environment. As population increases, the depth of the caloric well reflects this increased demand and requires a population to go further afield for resources, a condition called urban dependency. City and Country traces the structural ramifications of these dynamics as the population increased from the Paleolithic to today. We can understand urban dependency as the product of the caloric demands a population puts on a given environment, and when those demands outstrip the carry capacity of the environment, a caloric well develops that forces a community to look beyond its immediate area for resources. As the well deepens, the horizon from which resources are gathered is pushed further afield, often resulting in conflict with neighboring groups. Prior to settled villages, increases in population resulted in cultural (technological) innovations that allowed for greater use of existing resources: the broad-spectrum revolution circa 20 thousand years ago, the birth of agricultural villages 11 thousand years ago, and hierarchically organized systems of multiple settlements working together to produce enough food during the Ubaid period in Mesopotamia seven-thousand years ago—the first urban-rural systems. As cities developed, increasing population resulted in an ever-deepening morass of urban dependency that required expansion of urban-rural systems. These urban-rural dynamics today serve as an underlying logic upon which modern capitalism is built. The culmination of two decades of research into the nature of urban-rural dynamics, City and Country argues that at the heart of the logic of capitalism is an even deeper logic: urbanization is based on urban dependency.

Excerpt from Cities in Evolution: An Introduction to the Town Planning Movement and to the Study of Civics Nor is this merely utopian, though frankly Eutopian. In matters civic, as in simpler fields of science, it is from facts surveyed and interpreted that we gain our general ideas of the direction of Evolution, and even see how to further this; since from the best growths selected we may rear yet better ones. About the Publisher Forgotten Books publishes hundreds of thousands of rare and classic books. Find more at www.forgottenbooks.com This book is a reproduction of an important historical work. Forgotten Books uses state-of-the-art technology to digitally reconstruct the work, preserving the original format whilst repairing imperfections present in the aged copy. In rare cases, an imperfection in the original, such as a blemish or missing page, may be replicated in our edition. We do, however, repair the vast majority of imperfections successfully; any imperfections that remain are intentionally left to preserve the state of such historical works.

Zeynep elik examines the changing face of Istanbul during the period when European cultural and economic influence intensified, integrating architectural analysis with discussion of broader issues of urban design and historical change. Zeynep elik examines the changing face of Istanbul during the period when European cultural and economic influence intensified, integrating architectural analysis with discussion of broader issues of urban design and historical change.