The Casualty Returns refer to the total losses of ocean going merchant ships over 100 gross tonnes. The Returns were published quarterly and annually, recording losses according to flag and cause of loss. Early Quarterly Returns give figures for steam and sailing vessels by flag and cause of loss, and for total tonnage owned in each country.

The Casualty Returns refer to the total losses of ocean going merchant ships over 100 gross tonnes. The Returns were published quarterly and annually, recording losses according to flag and cause of loss. Early Quarterly Returns give figures for steam and sailing vessels by flag and cause of loss, and for total tonnage owned in each country.

The Casualty Returns refer to the total losses of ocean going merchant ships over 100 gross tonnes. The Returns were published quarterly and annually, recording losses according to flag and cause of loss. Early Quarterly Returns give figures for steam and sailing vessels by flag and cause of loss, and for total tonnage owned in each country.

The Casualty Returns refer to the total losses of ocean going merchant ships over 100 gross tonnes. The Returns were published quarterly and annually, recording losses according to flag and cause of loss. Early Quarterly Returns give figures for steam and sailing vessels by flag and cause of loss, and for total tonnage owned in each country.

This study of friendly fire on civilians during the London Blitz and the attack on Pearl harbor exposes the unknown horror behind these iconic WWII events. The London Blitz and the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor have ascended to the level of myth for Britain and America. Yet both of these artfully constructed narratives of heroic resistance to aerial bombardment conceal the massacre of citizens by the very militaries charged with protecting them. In Britain, thousands of civilians were killed when the army shelled London and other cities to prevent residents from fleeing the German bombs. At Pearl Harbor, American warships fired their heavy guns at the city of Honolulu with devastating results. Simon Webb begins this volume with an overview of bombing and anti-aircraft guns from the Franco-Prussian War of 1870-1871 through to the First World War. He then reveals the casualties which friendly fire from heavy artillery inflicted upon British and American civilians during World War Two. In the case of the British, these deaths were a deliberate part of a shockingly cynical policy. There were times during the German bombing of London when more people were being killed by British shells than by enemy bombs.