Detrimental impacts of estate taxes on management of private nonindustrial forests can be mitigated by estate planning which considers organizational forms of forest businesses and methods for funding estate settlement costs. This study's objective was to determine effects of business form and estate funding method on income and estate tax liabilities of nonindustrial owners. A deterministic, legal-economic forest estate management model was used to simulate estate and income tax consequences of alternative business form and funding method combinations for typical Oregon nonindustrial forest owners. Business forms analyzed were sole proprietorships, partnerships, close corporations, Subchapter S corporations and testamentary trusts. The three estate funding techniques were immediate timber capital liquidation, deferrals through Internal Revenue Code section 6166 and loans, and life insurance. Subchapter S corporations and partnerships, coupled with deferrals, were expected to have the least income and estate tax-induced reductions in present value of gross cash value. Sensitivity of results was tested by changing seven parameters: alternate rate of return, life expectancies, real land and timber price trends, total forest acreage, initial forest age class distribution, management regime, and rotation age. Simulation results were consistent across base and sensitivity runs. Testamentary trusts were least costly due to estate tax savings obtained by excluding part of the business from the widow's estate and income tax savings caused by post-mortem step-ups in timber cost basis. Partnerships and Subchapter S corporations were almost as cost effective because spreading business interests among family members reduced effective estate and income tax rates. Because its costs are postponed farthest, immediate liquidation was the preferred funding option. Deferrals frequently created negative after-tax cash flows during loan repayment periods. Forest owners should select business forms which allow reductions in the business interest includable in the widow's estate, preserve timber income's treatment as long-term capital gains, and provide income tax savings by spreading income among family members and utilizing post-mortem step-ups in cost basis. Trusts, partnerships, and Subchapter S corporations have these attributes. Despite changes enacted in the Economic Recovery Tax Act of 1981, land owners, dependent on forest income, may still encounter estate tax-induced cash flow problems.

Provides a framework for analysis of timber invest. and a chapter on timber tax planning. Discusses Fed. income tax considerations for timber incl.: capital costs, reforestation tax incentives, depreciation, operating exp. and the passive loss rules, timber income and capital gains, gov't. cost-share pay., casualty losses and other involuntary conversions, conservation easements, install. sales, alternative min. tax, self-employ. taxes, Xmas tree prod'n., and form of timberland ownership and bus. org'n. Explains how to research tax questions and sources of tax assistance.

Provides a framework for analysis of timber invest. & a chapter on timber tax planning. Discusses Fed. income tax considerations for timber incl.: capital costs, reforestation tax incentives, depreciation, operating exp. & the passive loss rules, timber income & capital gains, gov't. cost-share pay., casualty losses & other involuntary conversions, conservation easements, install. sales, alternative min. tax, self-employ. taxes, Xmas tree prod'n., & form of timberland ownership & bus. org'n. Explains how to research tax questions & sources of tax assistance.

"This study examines federal and state income, property, inheritance, and estate taxes, and also certain related financial policies, to identify the policies that create incentives or disincentives for good forest management"--Page v

Better designed and implemented fiscal regimes for oil, gas, and mining can make a substantial contribution to the revenue needs of many developing countries while ensuring an attractive return for investors, according to a new policy paper from the International Monetary Fund. Revenues from extractive industries (EIs) have major macroeconomic implications. The EIs account for over half of government revenues in many petroleum-rich countries, and for over 20 percent in mining countries. About one-third of IMF member countries find (or could find) resource revenues “macro-critical” – especially with large numbers of recent new discoveries and planned oil, gas, and mining developments. IMF policy advice and technical assistance in the field has massively expanded in recent years – driven by demand from member countries and supported by increased donor finance. The paper sets out the analytical framework underpinning, and key elements of, the country-specific advice given. Also available in Arabic: ????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ???????????: ??????? ???????? Also available in French: Régimes fiscaux des industries extractives: conception et application Also available in Spanish: Regímenes fiscales de las industrias extractivas: Diseño y aplicación

Provides a framework for analysis of timber invest. and a chapter on timber tax planning. Discusses Fed. income tax considerations for timber incl.: capital costs, reforestation tax incentives, depreciation, operating exp. and the passive loss rules, timber income and capital gains, gov't. cost-share pay., casualty losses and other involuntary conversions, conservation easements, install. sales, alternative min. tax, self-employ. taxes, Xmas tree prod'n., and form of timberland ownership and bus. org'n. Explains how to research tax questions and sources of tax assistance.

Forest Plans of North America presents case studies of contemporary forest management plans developed for forests owned by federal, state, county, and municipal governments, communities, families, individuals, industry, investment organizations, conservation organizations, and others in the United States, Canada, and Mexico. The book provides excellent real-life examples of contemporary forest planning processes, the various methods used, and the diversity of objectives and constraints faced by forest owners. Chapters are written by those who have developed the plans, with each contribution following a unified format and allowing a common, clear presentation of the material, along with consistent treatment of various aspects of the plans. This work complements other books published by members of the same editorial team (Forest Management and Planning, Introduction to Forestry and Natural Resource Management), which describe the planning process and the various methods one might use to develop a plan, but in general do not, as this work does, illustrate what has specifically been developed by landowners and land managers. This is an in-depth compilation of case studies on the development of forest management plans by the different landowner groups in North America. The book offers students, practitioners, policy makers, and the general public an opportunity to greatly improve their appreciation of forest management and, more importantly, foster an understanding of why our forests today are what they are and what forces and tools may shape their tomorrow. Forest Plans of North America provides a solid supplement to those texts that are used as learning tools for forest management courses. In addition, the work functions as a reference for the types of processes used and issues addressed in the early 21st century for managing land resources. - Presents 40-50 case studies of forest plans developed for a wide variety of organizations, groups, and landowners in North America - Illustrates plans that have specifically been developed by landowners and land managers - Features engaging, clearly written content that is accessible rather than highly technical, while demonstrating the issues and methods involved in the development of the plans - Each chapter contains color photographs, maps, and figures

In A Good Tax, tax expert Joan Youngman skillfully considers how to improve the operation of the property tax and supply the information that is often missing in public debate. She analyzes the legal, administrative, and political challenges to the property tax in the United States and offers recommendations for its improvement. The book is accessibly written for policy analysts and public officials who are dealing with specific property tax issues and for those concerned with property tax issues in general.