Prior to the advent of electricity, every night held the possibility of a celestial light show. People in even the most urban environments were exposed to the awe and majesty of the heavens, which clearly "proclaim the glory of God." The contemplation of the celestial orbs and their movements provided early man with the most direct connection to his Lord. In the Qur'anic story of Abraham, it is his observance of heavenly phenomena that leads him to his certainty of God's unity and transcendence. Since the time of the Seljuq Turks, the crescent moon has been a sign of Islam.For Muslims in North America, there has been much confusion regarding when Ramadan begins, when to fast, and when to break the fast. Hamza Yusuf provides clarity through this detailed and scholarly work that decisively makes the case for sighting the crescent moon with the naked eye, as has been the Islamic tradition for 1400 years. This is essential reading for anyone seeking guidance on this important and sacred matter.

This book shatters the myth that naked-eye sighting of the new moon and completing thirty days in the case of weather-related or other obscurities are the only two valid methods of determining the month of Ramadan. The author explains that certainty, not actual sighting, is the real objective of the Shariah and that the Qur'an does not mandate physical sighting. A careful analysis shows that those hadiths that seemingly require sighting actually require certainty. The assertion that all Muslim scholars prohibit the use of astronomical calculations, both in affirming or negating the month of Ramadan, is not correct. As calculation is now more accurate than naked-eye sighting, due to certain astronomical and scientific advancements, the use of calculation is the closest to the real objective of the Shari'ah and to the spirit of the hadiths.

The analysis of lunar crescent visibility criterion is vital in providing a comparative insight for predicting the visibility and suitability for Hijri calendar determination. While there have been previous attempts to measure the performance of lunar crescent visibility criterion, these attempts only apply to a singular analysis and not a comparative examination. Design, Development and Analysis of Lunar Crescent Visibility Criterion with Python explores the development of an analysis tool for lunar crescent visibility criterion using an integrated lunar crescent visibility database. The analysis tool, called HilalPy and HilalObs, was developed in the form of a Python library, so that it can be integrated into other software and webpages to enable deployment into various operating systems. This book will provide useful insights for the future development of lunar crescent visibility criterion, particularly for calendrical purposes. Key Features: ● Presents an analysis tool for lunar crescent visibility based on an integrated lunar crescent report database. ● Offers researchers and practitioners the capability to perform comparative analyses of the percentage of reliability in lunar crescent visibility criteria, thereby contributing to the construction of robust criteria for determining the Hijri calendar. ● Provides a comprehensive resource for researchers, students, policymakers, and practitioners involved in the determination of the Hijri calendar.

Despite the current negative image of Islam in Europe there has been a steady growth of converts to Islam over the past few decades. British converts are a highly diverse group, with different social, economic and educational backgrounds. Recently this group has grown in confidence and become increasingly active in influencing positive Islamic discourse in Britain. The book sheds light on the intellectual and spiritual contributions of some of the prominent figures of this group of 'new Muslims', and assesses their efforts in shaping Islam in British society; including: Martin Lings, Gai Eaton, Tim Winter and Hamza Yusuf. The research investigates the potential benefit 'new Muslims' can bring to bridge the gap between Muslim communities and wider British society, thus helping in the process of building mutual trust, greater cooperation and positive understanding among all parties in Britain. The work will help readers to become aware of the evolution of a "British Islam" that is more open, rooted in British values and spiritual traditions, and forms a part of the continually changing British religious landscape.