This book describes succinctly the factors which affect the incorporation of massive and morsellised allografts after transplantation. Unless special precautions are taken, massive allografts when implanted can undergo stress fatigue, due to the limited incorporation at the graft-host interface. Immunological and cell signalling growth factors can be shown to greatly influence the behaviour of the graft. The bone-biological processes are illustrated in terms of demineralised bone, which can initiate bone induction due to the protection and availability of the original bone-morphogenic protein. The main message is that transplantation without consideration of the underlying biological healing processes can reduce the effectiveness of the procedure.

This book provides an overview of skeletal biology from the molecular level to the organ level, including cellular control, interaction and response; adaptive responses to various external stimuli; the interaction of the skeletal system with other metabolic processes in the body; and the effect of various disease processes on the skeleton. The book also includes chapters that address how the skeleton can be evaluated through the use of various imaging technologies, biomechanical testing, histomorphometric analysis, and the use of genetically modified animal models. - Presents an in-depth overview of skeletal biology from the molecular to the organ level - Offers "refresher" level content for clinicians or researchers outside their areas of expertise - Boasts editors and many chapter authors from Indiana and Purdue Universities, two of the broadest and deepest programs in skeletal biology in the US; other chapter authors include clinician scientists from pharmaceutical companies that apply the basics of bone biology

This collection of articles by leading orthopedic and craniofacial surgeons and researchers comprehensively reviews the biology of bone formation and repair, the basic science of autologous bone graft, allograft, bone substitutes, and growth factors, and explore their clinical application in patients with bone repair problems.

Basic and Applied Bone Biology, Second Edition, provides an overview of skeletal biology, from the molecular level, to the organ level, including cellular control, interaction and response, adaptive responses to various external stimuli, and the interaction of the skeletal system with other metabolic processes in the body. The book includes chapters that address how the skeleton can be evaluated through the use of various imaging technologies, biomechanical testing, histomorphometric analysis, and the use of genetically-modified animal models. Each chapter delves deep into the important details of topics covered to provide a solid understanding of the basics of bone biology. Bone biology researchers who also train undergraduate and graduate students in the lab will use this book constantly to orient new students on the basics of the field and as a background reference for many of the technical aspects of qualification in bone biology (e.g., mechanics, histomorphometry, genetic modification, biochemistry, etc.). Presents an in-depth overview of skeletal biology, from molecular to organ level Offers refresher level content for clinicians or researchers outside their areas of expertise Includes updated and complete references Incorporates expanded study questions at the end of each chapter for further exploration Covers topics relevant to a modern course in skeletal biology

This first-ever Surgeon General's Report on bone health and osteoporosis illustrates the large burden that bone disease places on our Nation and its citizens. Like other chronic diseases that disproportionately affect the elderly, the prevalence of bone disease and fractures is projected to increase markedly as the population ages. If these predictions come true, bone disease and fractures will have a tremendous negative impact on the future well-being of Americans. But as this report makes clear, they need not come true: by working together we can change the picture of aging in America. Osteoporosis, fractures, and other chronic diseases no longer should be thought of as an inevitable part of growing old. By focusing on prevention and lifestyle changes, including physical activity and nutrition, as well as early diagnosis and appropriate treatment, Americans can avoid much of the damaging impact of bone disease and other chronic diseases. This Surgeon General's Report brings together for the first time the scientific evidence related to the prevention, assessment, diagnosis, and treatment of bone disease. More importantly, it provides a framework for moving forward. The report will be another effective tool in educating Americans about how they can promote bone health throughout their lives. This first-ever Surgeon General's Report on bone health and osteoporosis provides much needed information on bone health, an often overlooked aspect of physical health. This report follows in the tradition of previous Surgeon Generals' reports by identifying the relevant scientific data, rigorously evaluating and summarizing the evidence, and determining conclusions.

This book covers a wide spectrum of areas related to basic bone research. While bone remodeling, bone development, and osteoclast biology constitute the main contents, topics important to the understanding of bone metabolism and treatment of bone-related diseases are also intensively reviewed. Three chapters are dedicated to the classic topic of bone mechanics, which include a brief overview of the mechanostat hypothesis, a more detailed review on mechanotransduction and bone adaptation, and a chapter illustrating the basic principles of bone mechanical testing. New emerging fields such as skeletal stem cells, bone tissue engineering, phytoestrogens applications, and bone genetics study using mouse models, are also covered in detail. The book closes with a special chapter dedicated to state-of-the-art advances in bone biology research.

The danger of infection remains the most serious drawback to internal fixation. Prevention, using all available prophylactic measures should be the central feature in every surgical department. Though the infection rate may remain below the acceptable level of 2 %, the infected patient derives little comfort from the large number of excellent results in other people. We must discover the best way to offer these patients a favourable prognosis. This should not be based on intuition but on clear proven guiding principles. Planning the treatment for a patient whose internal fixation has become septic must decide between steps which may have advantages or disadvan tages. The disadvantage of the presence of a foreign body must be weighed against the advantage of rigidity. The authors have taken up this challenge by planned animal experiments to study the healing of internally fixed fractures which have been infected with staphylococci. They have shown that under stable conditions, even massive infection did not destroy the healing process in cortical bone. Even under these circumstances fracture union, in the form of primary bone healing, can occur even if with less regularity than in unin fected internal fixation.

Bone Repair Biomaterials: Regeneration and Clinical Applications, Second Edition, provides comprehensive reviews on materials science, engineering principles and recent advances. Sections review the fundamentals of bone repair and regeneration, discuss the science and properties of biomaterials used for bone repair, including metals, ceramics, polymers and composites, and discuss clinical applications and considerations, with chapters on such topics as orthopedic surgery, tissue engineering, implant retrieval, and ethics of bone repair biomaterials. This second edition includes more chapters on relevant biomaterials and a greatly expanded section on clinical applications, including bone repair applications in dental surgery, spinal surgery, and maxilo-facial and skull surgery. In addition, the book features coverage of long-term performance and failure of orthopedic devices. It will be an invaluable resource for researchers, scientists and clinicians concerned with the repair and restoration of bone. - Provides a comprehensive review of the materials science, engineering principles and recent advances in this important area - Presents new chapters on Surface coating of titanium, using bone repair materials in dental, spinal and maxilo-facial and skull surgery, and advanced manufacturing/3D printing - Reviews the fundamentals of bone repair and regeneration, addressing social, economic and clinical challenges - Examines the properties of biomaterials used for bone repair, with specific chapters assessing metals, ceramics, polymers and composites

What are bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) and how can they be used in orthopaedic practice? Ever since Urist proposed in 1976 that protein factors from cortical bone appeared to modulate bone healing in animals, there has been a search for these mysterious osteoinductive components. Now that their structure has been elucidated, they have been purified and cloned, and are now available for the improvement of bone healing.The best source of BMPs is demineralised bone. This bone allograft is used to achieve greater osteoinductive capacity. But are the actions of procurement, processing, demineralisation and sterilisation harmful to the BMPs? Unless the BMPs can be assayed, neither their clinical nor their scientific effectiveness can be appraised. All these aspects are logically and scientifically described in this volume. In addition, there is a review of the biochemistry of one of the two main components of bone, namely collagen. This subject is itself a confusing but rapidly growing field. This comprehensive review describes the procedures for building up bone in vivo and in vitro.Bone Morphogenetic Protein and Collagen answers most of the questions of orthopaedic surgeons and tissue bankers on how BMPs can be produced and used to their maximum effectiveness.