A biomarker is a molecule that is measured as a marker of normal biological processes, disease processes or the response to a diagnostic or therapeutic intervention. Kidney diseases like acute kidney injury, chronic kidney disease, diabetic nephropathy, glomerular disease, renal cancer and preeclampsia still have a high morbidity. Measurement of biomarkers in the blood or urine that detect patients at risk of kidney diseases or that detect kidney diseases in the earliest stage may ultimately result in preventative or earlier or more effective treatments for kidney diseases. Biomarkers of Kidney Disease reviews the basic and clinical research on biomarkers of the common kidney diseases including acute kidney injury, chronic kidney disease, renal cancer, diabetic nephropathy, glomerular disease and preeclampsia. The characteristics of an ideal biomarker of kidney diseases and statistical analysis of biomarker studies is detailed. The latest techniques for biomarker detection like metabolomics and proteomics is covered in the book. This comprehensive book details the latest advances made in the field of biomarker research and development in kidney diseases. The book is an ideal companion for those interested in biomarker research and development, proteomics and metabolomics, kidney diseases, statistical analysis, transplantation and preeclampsia. - Presents a comprehensive, translational source for all aspects of renal biomarkers in one reference work - Experts in renal disease biomarkers (from all areas of academic and medical research) take readers from the bench research (cellular and molecular mechanism) to new therapeutic approaches

Since laboratory testing and biomarkers are an integral part in the diagnosis and treatment of kidney disease, Kidney Biomarkers: Clinical Aspects and Laboratory Determination covers currently used biomarkers as well as markers that are in development. Laboratories are increasingly more involved in the follow-up confirmatory laboratory testing and this unique volume showcases the collaboration needed to solve diagnostic clinical puzzles between the laboratory and clinician. This volume provides guidance on laboratory test selection and results interpretation in patients. Sources of inaccurate results in the measurement of kidney biomarkers are discussed along with possibility of eliminating such interferences. Each chapter is organized with a uniform easy-to-follow format with insightful case examples highlighting the collaboration between clinical laboratorians and clinicians.

Associated with both acute kidney injury (AKI) and cardio-renal syndromes (CRS), new biomarkers represent both a popular area of investigation and a new opportunity for advancement of therapy. This book contains the resolutions of the most recent ADQI conferences on biomarkers in AKI (Dublin) and on cardio-renal syndromes (Venice). The first part answers specific questions about new biomarkers and their use and utility in AKI: What are the most suitable candidate molecules and physiologic measures, how solid and evidence based is the discovery phase? How can we incorporate the new biomarkers in the AKI conceptual model describing the evolution from susceptibility to insult, decreased GFR and organ death? Even if we have a positive biomarker pattern and we can identify patients at risk or patients with early or even subclinical AKI, how is this information affecting our clinical behavior and practice? The second part is dedicated to the appraisal of the current knowledge about the pathophysiological mechanisms involved in different forms of CRS: it contains contributions on the state-of-the-art knowledge and practice of CRS, particularly focusing on the pathophysiology of the five subtypes. Acute and chronic mechanisms of damage are explored in depth, with particular attention to the primacy of organ involvement and the subsequent pathways of organ crosstalk.Presenting the most recent research in the field of biomarkers, AKI and CRS, this publication is an important educational tool for advanced investigators and clinical experts, but also for students and fellows.

In the past decade there has been a major sea change in the way disease is diagnosed and investigated due to the advent of high throughput technologies, such as microarrays, lab on a chip, proteomics, genomics, lipomics, metabolomics etc. These advances have enabled the discovery of new and novel markers of disease relating to autoimmune disorders, cancers, endocrine diseases, genetic disorders, sensory damage, intestinal diseases etc. In many instances these developments have gone hand in hand with the discovery of biomarkers elucidated via traditional or conventional methods, such as histopathology or clinical biochemistry. Together with microprocessor-based data analysis, advanced statistics and bioinformatics these markers have been used to identify individuals with active disease or pathology as well as those who are refractory or have distinguishing pathologies. New analytical methods that have been used to identify markers of disease and is suggested that there may be as many as 40 different platforms. Unfortunately techniques and methods have not been readily transferable to other disease states and sometimes diagnosis still relies on single analytes rather than a cohort of markers. There is thus a demand for a comprehensive and focused evidenced-based text and scientific literature that addresses these issues. Hence the formulation of Biomarkers in Disease. The series covers a wide number of areas including for example, nutrition, cancer, endocrinology, cardiology, addictions, immunology, birth defects, genetics, and so on. The chapters are written by national or international experts and specialists.

This book provides important and updated information on current research devoted to urinary biomarkers. Urinary biomarkers are characteristics that can be objectively measured and evaluated as indicators of normal biological or pathogenic processes of pharmacological responses to therapeutic intervention.

Nephrology is one of the fastest growing specialties in medicine. Nevertheless, kidney disease is one of the most serious unmet health needs in many countries. To provide healthcare access with the desirable equity worldwide, the nephrology community needs to discuss this public health issue and take part in decisions for elaboration of public health policies with more justice and equity. This book brings together key current public health problems that affect kidney function and illuminates them in contributions by an international group of nephrologists and general practitioners. The chapters review current knowledge and provide guidelines to manage these conditions and decrease the disease burden. At the end, developments in the digital era and their application to kidney disease treatment are synthesized, and a broader outlook on the future of nephrology is given. Ultimately, the publication aims to gather nephrology and public health expertise from researchers from all over the world, providing a broad vision of issues that must be discussed and overcome to guarantee a better treatment for patients with kidney diseases in the world today.

In the past decade there has been a major sea change in the way disease is diagnosed and investigated due to the advent of high throughput technologies, such as microarrays, lab on a chip, proteomics, genomics, lipomics, metabolomics etc. These advances have enabled the discovery of new and novel markers of disease relating to autoimmune disorders, cancers, endocrine diseases, genetic disorders, sensory damage, intestinal diseases etc. In many instances these developments have gone hand in hand with the discovery of biomarkers elucidated via traditional or conventional methods, such as histopathology or clinical biochemistry. Together with microprocessor-based data analysis, advanced statistics and bioinformatics these markers have been used to identify individuals with active disease or pathology as well as those who are refractory or have distinguishing pathologies. New analytical methods that have been used to identify markers of disease and is suggested that there may be as many as 40 different platforms. Unfortunately techniques and methods have not been readily transferable to other disease states and sometimes diagnosis still relies on single analytes rather than a cohort of markers. There is thus a demand for a comprehensive and focused evidenced-based text and scientific literature that addresses these issues. Hence the formulation of Biomarkers in Disease. The series covers a wide number of areas including for example, nutrition, cancer, endocrinology, cardiology, addictions, immunology, birth defects, genetics and so on. The chapters are written by national or international experts and specialists.

Smith gives a broad presentation of kidney physiology.

Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a frequent clinical syndrome among hospitalized patients, independently associated with both short- and long-term mortality. Previous investigations attempted to identify effective interventions to prevent AKI or promote kidney function recovery in patients with AKI. Most were unsuccessful. Hence, additional studies are required in the field of AKI research. In this Special Issue, we are making a call to action to stimulate researchers and clinicians to submit their studies on AKI conducted in nephrology, internal medicine, critical care, and other disciplines that will provide additional knowledge and skills in the field of AKI research, ultimately to improve patient outcomes.

Saliva as a unique sample for health assessment is gaining attention among researchers of different fields in the last 20 years; being reflected in an impressive increase in the number of papers published studying saliva from different biological aspects in human and veterinary species. Once deemed merely a digestive juice is now considered a biological fluid capable of communicating information about physiopathological processes occurring in organisms, since saliva has been shown to contain molecular and bacterial compounds that can change in response to local and systemic pathologies. Furthermore, the interest of saliva as a diagnostic, prognostic and monitoring biofluid is forced by its non-invasive nature being of easy and inexpensive sampling, involving only minimal discomfort and allowing the collection of multiple/repeated specimens at anytime, anywhere and without need for specialized staff. In this contributed volume, the authors bring together, summarize and reflect the generated knowledge about saliva as a source of biomarkers for health and welfare evaluation in humans and animal models. This volume also highlights the importance of confounding factors, such as sampling methods, flow, total protein content, contamination, or storage. This book will serve as a manual for graduates, practitioners and researchers by providing general ideas about the possibilities and utilities of saliva in clinical practice or investigation, and indicating the main cautions each should have in mind before saliva usage.