Based on archival research in Europe and the United States, this authoritative study tells the fascinating story of Beaumarchais's role in the American War of Independence as an owner and outfitter of ships and as an arms merchant. It chronicles his dealings with Louis XVI, Vergennes, Benjamin Franklin, and the American Continental Congress and recounts his family's struggle to receive payment for the weapons and materials sent to the American colonists.

"The Influence of Beaumarchais in the War of American Independence" in 2 volumes is one of the best-known works by an American historian Elizabeth Sarah Kite. Pierre Beaumarchais (1732-1799) was a French polymath who rose in French society and became influential in the court of Louis XV as an inventor and music teacher. He made a number of important business and social contacts, and played various roles as a diplomat and spy. An early French supporter of American independence, Beaumarchais lobbied the French government on behalf of the American rebels during the American War of Independence. Before France officially entered the war in 1778, Beaumarchais played a major role in delivering French munitions, money and supplies to the American army. Volume 1: Early life First Financial Successes Business Negotiations in Spain Beaumarchais's Return from Madrid The Famous Memoirs of Beaumarchais Beaumarchais Goes to London in Quality of Secret Agent of Louis XV Beaumarchais's Second Mission Under Louis XVI Playing Figaro upon the Stage of Life Visits the Empress of Austria The Character of Figaro The First Performance of Le Barbier de Séville Founder of the First Society of Dramatic Authors... Volume 2: Beaumarchais's Earliest Activities in the Cause of American Independence First Steps of the Government of France Beaumarchais's Memoirs to the King Beaumarchais's English Connections Memoirs Explaining to the King the Plan of His Commercial House Suspicions of England Aroused Through Indiscretions of Friends of America The Declaration of Independence and Its Effect in Europe Beaumarchais's Activity in Getting Supplies to America Letters to Congress The Mariage de Figaro House of Beaumarchais Searched Declared an Emigré Confiscation of his Goods Imprisonment of his Family The Ninth Thermidor Comes to Save Them Beaumarchais After his Return from Exile Correspondence with Bonaparte Pleads for Lafayette Imprisoned Death of Beaumarchais...

This book explores the puzzling phenomenon of new veiling practices among lower middle class women in Cairo, Egypt. Although these women are part of a modernizing middle class, they also voluntarily adopt a traditional symbol of female subordination. How can this paradox be explained? An explanation emerges which reconceptualizes what appears to be reactionary behavior as a new style of political struggle--as accommodating protest. These women, most of them clerical workers in the large government bureaucracy, are ambivalent about working outside the home, considering it a change which brings new burdens as well as some important benefits. At the same time they realize that leaving home and family is creating an intolerable situation of the erosion of their social status and the loss of their traditional identity. The new veiling expresses women's protest against this. MacLeod argues that the symbolism of the new veiling emerges from this tense subcultural dilemma, involving elements of both resistance and acquiescence.