This book is about the archaeology of science, or what can be learnt from the systematic examination of the artefacts made by precision craftsmen for the study of the natural world. An international authority on historical scientific instruments, Gerard Turner has collected here his essays on European astrolabes and related topics. By 1600 the astrolabe had nearly ceased to be made and used in the West, and before that date there was little of the source material for the study of instruments that exists for more modern times. It is necessary to 'read' the instruments themselves, and astrolabes in particular are rich in all sorts of information, mathematical, astronomical, metallurgical, in addition to what they can reveal about craftsmanship, the existence of workshops, and economic and social conditions. There is a strong forensic element in instrument research, and Gerard Turner's achievements include the identification of three astrolabes made by Gerard Mercator, all of whose instruments were thought to have been destroyed. Other essays deal with the discovery of an important late 16th-century Florentine workshop, and of a group of mid-15th-century German astrolabes linked to Regiomontanus.

Presents a history of physics, examining the theories and experimental practices of the science.

This object-based study concentrates on scientific instruments made in Louvain between c. 1530 and c.1600, a period in which the university fell from the peak of its importance into a state of decline. The instruments are characterised by elaborate decoration and by numerous technical innovations. The book comprises two parts: an introduction followed by a catalogue raisonne of almost ninety instruments from the Louvain masters, both signed and unsigned ones. The introduction outlines the circumstances of the foundation of this 'Louvain school of instrument makers', which entailed the merging of an intellectual center (based in the university) and a material culture (based in the workshops). A similar symbiosis occurred elsewhere in Europe, but never on the scale of Louvain. The presence of the Spanish Court in Brussels around 1540-1550 helped to provide the workshops with important commissions. Their role as a Maecenas is also discussed. The most important instrument makers were Gerard Mercator, Michael Piquer, Gualterus Arsenius, Adrian Descrolieres and Adrian Zeelst. Little was previously known about these men - apart perhaps from Mercator - and even less about the output of their workshops. This book attempts to present for the first time a comprehensive survey of these workshops and how they may have influenced one another.

In On Their Own Terms, Benjamin A. Elman offers a much-needed synthesis of early Chinese science during the Jesuit period (1600-1800) and the modern sciences as they evolved in China under Protestant influence (1840s-1900). By 1600 Europe was ahead of Asia in producing basic machines, such as clocks, levers, and pulleys, that would be necessary for the mechanization of agriculture and industry. In the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, Elman shows, Europeans still sought from the Chinese their secrets of producing silk, fine textiles, and porcelain, as well as large-scale tea cultivation. Chinese literati borrowed in turn new algebraic notations of Hindu-Arabic origin, Tychonic cosmology, Euclidian geometry, and various computational advances. Since the middle of the nineteenth century, imperial reformers, early Republicans, Guomindang party cadres, and Chinese Communists have all prioritized science and technology. In this book, Elman gives a nuanced account of the ways in which native Chinese science evolved over four centuries, under the influence of both Jesuit and Protestant missionaries. In the end, he argues, the Chinese produced modern science on their own terms.

The fullest and most complete survey of the development of science in the eighteenth century.