The Court Cities of Northern Italy examines painting, sculpture, decorative arts, and architecture produced within the fourteenth, fifteenth, and sixteenth centuries.

In the year 1260, Nicola Pisano, the sculptor who initiated the revival of classicizing ideals that would later form a major component of Italian Renaissance art, created a remarkable and unusual monument for the Baptistry of Pisa, a hexagonal pulpit supported by seven colorful columns and displaying on its parapet five visually compelling narrative reliefs; several years later he designed a second pulpit, this time for the cathedral of Siena. Toward the end of the century, his son Giovanni received a pulpit commission for the parish church of Sant'Andrea, Pistoia, to be followed a few years later (c. 1302) by another one for the cathedral of Pisa. These four extraordinary monuments, each building upon both older traditions and its own immediate predecessors, yet each a highly innovative and original solution, are the primary subject of this book. The pulpits by Nicola and Giovanni Pisano were produced during a period of enormous economic, intellectual, cultural and spiritual flux. The expanded body of knowledge that resulted from the rise of Scholasticism-a theological-intellectual current that, beginning in the French cathedral schools of the twelfth century, attempted to reconcile Christian faith with the newly valued ideals of observation and reason, in short, to synthesize Christian and classical learning--found expression in new themes and naturalistic motifs abounding in painting, book illumination and sculpture, and in religious and civic iconography. In contrast to the emphasis on transcendental experience of the earlier Middle Ages, the new urban-centered religious orders of the thirteenth-century, such as the Domincans and the Franciscans, fostered a more direct, empathetic relationship between ordinary mortals and God and his saints. The Pisano pulpits were profoundly informed by these new conditions and concerns, and in turn they contributed to changing perceptions about the natural world and the nature of religious experience. Indeed, these pulpits are among the earliest visual manifestations in Italy of the scholastic inclination to embrace a wide range of knowledge, for the narratives relating biblical history are augmented by representations of Virtues and Vices, Liberal Arts, and pagan prophetesses of antiquity. The sermons expounded from these and other urban pulpits were very much enhanced by the charisma of their preachers and the interplay between the verbal and the visual, both of which were expressed in the vernacular, that is, in the case of sermons no longer only in the remote Latin tongue, and in the case of visual imagery no longer employing the abstract forms and symbols of earlier periods. But preaching was by no means the sole function of these raised platforms; they were used for a variety of ceremonial occasions and, like the para-liturgical mystery and miracle plays that were becoming increasingly popular, they satisfied the needs for edification, diversion, and even entertainment, needs as compelling in the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries as they are today. In this book, we explore in word and image these and other issues related to the pulpits of Nicola and Giovanni Pisano, both as individual masterpieces and as monuments within the larger context of pulpit traditions. Nicola and Giovanni, different as were their sculptural styles, were both consummate story-tellers and it is nothing less than astonishing to observe the formal devices employed to make those stories as compelling as possible: We shall thus witness varying interpretations of the narratives, differing iconographic emphases and formal devices, changing conceptions of the human figure, and the development of spatial awareness in the work of both father and son. By offering close readings of the narrative and figural iconography, and the sculptural form conceived to give them expression, this book invites the modern viewer-reader to follow the itinerary of their original audience, the worshiper standing before and walking around each pulpit. In addition, however, numerous close-up views of passages difficult to see in situ offer privileged access to details readily visible primarily to the sculptor at work rather than the standing or circumambulating spectator.

Expanding interdisciplinary investigations into gender and material culture, Katherine A. McIver here adds a new dimension to Renaissance patronage studies by considering domestic art - the decoration of the domestic interior - as opposed to patronage of the fine arts (painting, sculpture and architecture). Taking a multidimensional approach, McIver looks at women as collectors of precious material goods, as organizers of the early modern home, and as decorators of its interior. By analyzing the inventories of women's possessions, McIver considers the wide range of domestic objects that women owned, such as painted and inlaid chests, painted wall panels, tapestries, fine fabrics for wall and bed hangings, and elaborate jewelry (pendant earrings, brooches, garlands for the hair, necklaces and rings) as well as personal devotional objects. Considering all forms of patronage opportunities open to women, she evaluates their role in commissioning and utilizing works of art and architecture as a means of negotiating power in the court setting, in the process offering fresh insights into their lives, limitations, and the possibilities open to them as patrons. Using her subjects' financial records to track their sources of income and the circumstances under which it was spent, McIver thereby also provides insights into issues of Renaissance women's economic rights and responsibilities. The primary focus on the lives and patronage patterns of three relatively unknown women, Laura Pallavicina-Sanvitale, Giacoma Pallavicina and Camilla Pallavicina, provides a new model for understanding what women bought, displayed, collected and commissioned. By moving beyond the traditional artistic centers of Florence, Venice and Rome, analyzing instead women's artistic patronage in the feudal courts around Parma and Piacenza during the sixteenth century, McIver nuances our understanding of women's position and power both in and out of the home. Carefully integrating extensive archival

Vasari's celebration of the art of the central Italian cities of Florence, Rome and Venice, has long left in shadow the art of northern Italy. The economic and historical decline of the region compounded this effect with the dispersal of the treasures of the Farnese to Naples, the Este to Dresden and the Gonzaga to Madrid and Paris. Each chapter in this volume celebrates a stunning work from the region, among them Correggio's famed Camera di San Paolo in Parma, Parmigianino's Camerino in the Rocca Sanvitale near Parma, the studiolo of Alberto Pio at Carpi, and the Tomb of the Ancestors in the Tempio Malatestiano in Rimini. The volume as a whole offers fascinating insights into the tussle between the maniera moderna and the maniera devota in the first half of the sixteenth century, when the unity between the elegance and beauty of art and its religious significance came under debate. Around the year 1550, when Michelangelo's Last Judgement came under attack for impiety and lasciviousness and the reformists called for an art that would invoke in the viewer a devotional response that identified manifestations of the divine with human feelings and emotions. In northern Italy, it was on the foundation laid by Correggio, with his tenderness and ability to evoke the softness of living flesh, that the Carracci brothers built their reform of painting.

Sansovino successively dismantled and reconstituted the categories of art-making. Hardly capable of sustaining a program of reform, the experimental art of this period was succeeded by a new era of cultural codification in the second half of the sixteenth century. --

In this lucid account, Stephanie Porras charts the fascinating story of art in northern Europe during the Renaissance period (ca. 1400–1570). She explains how artists and patrons from the regions north of the Alps – the Low Countries, France, England, Germany – responded to an era of rapid political, social, economic, and religious change, while redefining the status of art. Porras discusses not only paintings by artists from Jan van Eyck to Pieter Bruegel the Elder, but also sculpture, architecture, prints, metalwork, embroidery, tapestry, and armor. Each chapter presents works from a roughly 20-year period and also focuses on a broad thematic issue, such as the flourishing of the print industry or the mobility of Northern artists and artworks. The author traces the influence of aristocratic courts as centers of artistic production and the rise of an urban merchant class, leading to the creation of new consumers and new art products. This book offers a richly illustrated narrative that allows readers to understand the progression, variety, and key conceptual developments of Northern Renaissance art.