This book is the first study to trace the relationship between the artistic changes in landscape art and the revolution taking place in the natural sciences. As various theories about the earth's history were presented, artists began to render nature in new ways. This topic is more iconography than connoisseurship as the paintings are presented as reflecting in both image and style the radical upheavals which mark intellectual history during those decades.

This book explores many issues raised by the range of ideas and images of the natural world in Western art since the Renaissance. The whole concept of landscape is examined as a representation of the relationship between the human and natural worlds. Featured artists include Claude, Freidrich, Turner, Cole and Ruisdael, and many different forms of landscape art are addressed, such as land art, painting, photography, garden design, panorama and cartography.

The early 19th century was a period in German art in which painting played a significant part in the cultural resurgence commonly known as the Romantic Movement. This Movement and some of its chief exponents are examined against a background of German literature, philosophy and music.

Carl Gustav Carus (1789-1869)--court physician to the king of Saxony--was a naturalist, amateur painter, and theoretician of landscape painting whose Nine Letters on Landscape Painting is an important document of early German romanticism and an elegant appeal for the integration of art and science. Carus was inspired by and had contacts with the greatest German intellectuals of his day. Carus prefaced his work with a letter from his correspondence with Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, who was his primary mentor in both science and art. His writings also reflect, however, the influence of the German natural philosopher Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling, especially Schelling's notion of a world soul, and the writings of the naturalist and explorer Alexander von Humboldt. Carus played a role in the revolution in landscape painting taking place in Saxony around Caspar David Friedrich. The first edition appears here in English for the first time.

In times past, everyday business might mean making a trip to the pawnbroker, giving a loan to a trusted friend of selling off a coat, all to make ends meet. Both women and men engaged in this daily budgeting, but women's roles were especially important in achieving some level of comfort and avoiding penury. In some communities, the daily practices in place in the seventeenth century persisted into the twentieth, whilst other groups adopted new ways, such as using numbers to chart domestic affairs and turning to the savings banks that appeared in the nineteenth century. These strategies promised respectability and greater access to new consumer goods: better clothes and finer furnishings accompanied a newly disciplined behaviour. Therefore, in the material world of the past and in the changing habits of earlier generations lie crucial turning points. This book explores these previously under-researched patterns and practices that gave shape to modern consumer society.

In 850 analytical articles, this two-volume set explores the developments that influenced the profound changes in thought and sensibility during the second half of the eighteenth century and the first half of the nineteenth century. The Encyclopedia provides readers with a clear, detailed, and accurate reference source on the literature, thought, music, and art of the period, demonstrating the rich interplay of international influences and cross-currents at work; and to explore the many issues raised by the very concepts of Romantic and Romanticism.

This volume is the twelfth to date in a series of works in French or English presenting the epochs and movements of a Comparative History of Literatures in European Languages (Histoire Comparée des Littératures de Langues Européennes). The original intention of the editors was to publish a four-volume history of European literature from 1760-1820, and the first of these volumes, Des Lumières au Romantisme. Genres en Vers, appeared as long ago as 1982. The volumes Genres en Prose and Théâtre are still awaited. In their absence the present volume, Epoche im _berblick, attempts a more comprehensive and rigorous treatment of the period and its historiographical problems than was initially planned, providing the reader with an overview of sixty eventful years of European literary history — years in which German Classicism coincided with the birth, initially in Germany and England, of Romanticism. And at the centre of this turbulent period of European intellectual and literary history stands the French Revolution.

Marcel Duchamp and Max Ernst are two of the greatest names associated with Dada and Surrealism, the iconoclastic art movements of the early part of the twentieth century. This detailed study brings their work into close proximity for the first time, examining the structural interaction of "ready-made" belief systems in their productions (Catholicism, masculinism, hermeticism). These artists are revealed as precursors of our postmodern obsessions with male and female identity and cultural fragmentation.

The articles in this second issue of Romantik demonstrate the crucial role of emergent regionalism and nationalism within the Romantic movement. But, the contributors also explore how the transmission of ideas and inspiration took place across national as well as linguistic boundaries, and how knowledge was transferred from one domain of knowledge to another. The articles provide a new map of such cultural exchanges in the Romantic era and the multiplicity of agencies that made them possible. Romantik continues to place the plurality of European Romanticisms within a comprehensive and multi-lingual context.