For the first time in the republican history of Peru, the presidential transition takes place in democracy, social peace, fast economic growth and favorable world markets. In other words, there has never been a better chance to build a different Peru - a richer country, more equal and governable. There are multiple ways to achieve that goal. New reforms must stem from a widespread and participatory debate, one of a common vision conceived for and by Peruvians. This book aims at making a technical and independent contribution to such debate; it summarizes the knowledge available about the challenges to be faced by the new administration. The study does not recommend silver bullets, but suggests policy options. It is based on the analysis of the current reality and in six decades of relationships with Peru, in which the Bank has implemented more than 100 projects and prepared more than 500 technical reports covering the wide range of development topics. When necessary, the study provides lessons that the Bank has learned elsewhere. The study provides a conceptual framework to the analysis of the country's 34 economic sectors and the two historical perspectives behind them. In doing so, it offers a comprehensive reform agenda that sheds light on possible priorities and courses of action.

Peru stands out among Latin American countries as an example of successful economic reforms over the past decade. This comprehensive look at Peru's economy traces that country's journey from a debt crisis in the 1980s to having buffers in place that allowed it to emerge unscathed from the global financial crisis. The book examines the steps Peru undertook to achieve these results and extracts lessons to be learned. Chapters are written by IMF staff and Peruvian economists.

A comprehensive guide to Peru, filled with practical information about travel, business, and investment opportunities. Clairmont offers a firsthand account of the country's vibrant culture, diverse landscapes, and rapidly growing economy. This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work is in the "public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.

For the past fifteen years Peru has suffered a profound and lasting economic crisis that threatens the stability of the country's fragile democratic system. Economic mismanagement has led to plummeting per capita income, accelerating inflation—an annualized rate of nearly 3,000 percent by 1989—and widespread social upheaval. This study by experts in the United States and Latin America offers a coherent proposal for economic stabilization and structural adjustment to restore economic growth—but growth with equity—to this distressed country. The contributors provide background analysis and thorough diagnosis of Peru's economic problems. They explain how inconsistent populist policies and the ensuing economic crisis have caused the standard of living to deteriorate dramatically, paving the way for significant expansion of social violence, political instability, and isolation from the international financial community. Peru's Path to Recovery offers an adjustment program that is sound but also is complemented by a social support program to assist the poor - those who have suffered the most from previous disadjustment. This combination makes the program both equitable and politically sustainable. With the inauguration of Alberto Fujimori, Peru has the opportunity to embrace a new economic strategy to stabilize the economy, curtail the extreme poverty, and reduce the massive unemployment and underemployment. Such a course will not be easy: patterns of government, business, and social behavior will have to change. But through such changes Peru can hope to become a stable, thriving country once more.

Peru continues to be one of the fastest growing Latin American economies in the past eleven years, while keeping inflation low, as the International Monetary Fund noted in January 2014. Although growth slowed down in the last three years, the Peruvian economy has grown at an average of 6.3% per year since 2002, reaching a $207 billion GDP in 2013. The trend is expected to continue with a projected GDP growth of 4.0% in 2014 and 5.0% in 2015. Private investment and consumption are anticipated to be the main driving forces of this growth. Projections for 2014 are that gross fixed investment growth will be 6.1%. Public investment is increasingly important as in 2013 it was $11.6 billion (5.3% of GDP), while in 2001 it was $1.7 billion (3.1% of GDP). The Ministry of Economy and Finance (MEF) reported that public investment grew 10% from July 2013 to June 2014 and predicts that public investment will have increased 17% by the end of 2014 to US$13.4 billion. As the economy has grown, poverty in Peru has steadily decreased to 23.9% in 2013. The steady economic growth began with the pro-market policies enacted by President Fujimori in the 1990s. All subsequent administrations, even though their political stances were different if not opposing, have continued these policies, including the current administration inaugurated in July 2011 for a five-year term. President Ollanta Humala has pledged to encourage private and public investment in infrastructure projects in transportation, telecommunications, energy, sanitation, airports, and ports. Congruent with his other campaign goals to reduce poverty and narrow the nation's socioeconomic gap, President Humala has increased spending on poverty-reduction subsidies and raised taxes on mining companies. Peru's currency, the "Nuevo Sol" (Sol), has been the least volatile of all Latin American currencies in the past few years and was the least impacted by the downturn of the U.S. dollar and the recent tapering of monetary stimulus by the U.S. Federal Reserve System. Since the mid-1990's, the Sol's exchange rate with the U.S. dollar has fluctuated between 1.25 and 3.55 to US$1. The average exchange rate, for July 2014, was 2.79 Soles per US$1. The Peruvian Government has aimed at integration with the global economy by signing a number of free trade agreements, including the United States-Peru Trade Promotion Agreement (PTPA), which entered into force in 2009. In 2013, the U.S. was the second largest destination for Peruvian exports, receiving 17.6% (13.4% in 2012), and the main supplier of goods to Peru with a 20.3% (18.9% in 2012) market share. Peru has preferential trade agreements with 49 countries and unions including Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Canada, Chile, China, Colombia, Ecuador, Iceland, Japan, Lichtenstein, Mexico, Norway, Panama, Paraguay, Singapore, South Korea, Switzerland, Thailand, United States, and Uruguay. Peru is currently negotiating deals with the Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP), Doha Round and three individual countries. It has two agreements pending entry in force, including with the Pacific Alliance.

López-Calvo uses contemporary Nikkei texts such as fiction, testimonies, and poetry to construct an account of the cultural formation of Japanese migrant communities, and in so doing challenges fixed notions of Japanese Peruvian identity.

An original study focusing on the primacy placed on physicians and medical care to generate population growth and increase the workforce during the late eigteenth century in colonial Peru.

This Peru Country Program Evaluation for the World Bank Group, 2003-2009 is part of IEG s country program evaluation series. To date, IEG s in-depth country evaluations have comprised IEG-WB Country Assistance Evaluations (CAEs) and IEG-IFC Country Impact Reviews (CIRs). Both the CAEs and CIRs have involved comprehensive evaluations of the respective institutions activities in a country. In a pilot approach, this evaluation was prepared by a single IEG team that looked at development interventions across the three WBG institutions. The evaluation draws on WBG documents, external literature, and on interviews with government officials, representatives of the private sector and civil society, nongovernmental organizations, bilateral and multilateral development partners, and Bank, IFC, and MIGA staff in Washington and in Peru. An IEG mission visited Peru in September 2009. IEG also cooperated with the Evaluation Office of the Global Environment Facility that was conducting a parallel evaluation in Peru.

"... looks at the political history of Peru from the time it gained independence from Spain to the present. ... compares different political ideologies against economic and social aspects."--jacket front flap.