Recently, there has been an upsurge of interest in the possibility of confusing long memory and structural changes in level. Many studies have shown that when a stationary short memory process is contaminated by level shifts the estimate of the fractional differencing parameter is biased away from zero and the autocovariance function exhibits a slow rate of decay, akin to a long memory process. We analyze the properties of the autocorrelation function, the periodogram and the log periodogram estimate of the memory parameter when the level shift component is specified by a simple mixture model. Our theoretical results explain many findings reported and uncover new features. We confront our theoretical predictions using log-squared returns as a proxy for the volatility of some assets returns, including daily Samp;P 500 returns over the period 1928-2002. The autocorrelations and the path of the log periodogram estimates follow patterns that would obtain if the true underlying process was one of short-memory contaminated by level shifts instead of a fractionally integrated process. A simple testing procedure is also proposed, which reinforces this conclusion.

Victor Silverio Posadas Hernandez explores three sets of questions: What are the investment laws in the Latin American emerging markets (LAEM) and how do they compare to those of developed countries? How heterogeneous are the implicit trading costs in the LAEM and which factors are responsible for the heterogeneity? How does the predictability of stock returns in the LAEM differ from those documented for developed markets?