This thesis explores the strategy followed by the American military government in overcoming Moro resistance in the Philippines from 1903-1913. A chapter is devoted to the period of each of the three Military Governors of Moro Province, Generals Leonard Wood, Tasker Bliss and John Pershing. The military governors primarily focused on first establishing a system of governance, followed by economic development and educational initiatives as a means of pacifying and controlling the Moros. Military operations were only intended to play a supporting role in the American strategy to pacify the Moros. However, security threats and violent opposition constantly hindered that strategy so that pacification and acquiescence to American rule could not be established. Ultimately, it was Pershing's decision to focus on security through his disarmament policy and the subsequent campaigns to enforce that policy that finally established conditions for the transition of governance to civilian control and end military government within the province. Though initially conceived of as a supporting effort to a broader whole of government approach, in the end military operations became the decisive means for ending Moro resistance to American authority.

This thesis explores the strategy followed by the American military government in overcoming Moro resistance in the Philippines from 1903-1913. A chapter is devoted to the period of each of the three Military Governors of Moro Province, Generals Leonard Wood, Tasker Bliss and John Pershing. The military governors primarily focused on first establishing a system of governance, followed by economic development and educational initiatives as a means of pacifying and controlling the Moros. Military operations were only intended to play a supporting role in the American strategy to pacify the Moros. However, security threats and violent opposition constantly hindered that strategy so that pacification and acquiescence to American rule could not be established. Ultimately, it was Pershing's decision to focus on security through his disarmament policy and the subsequent campaigns to enforce that policy that finally established conditions for the transition of governance to civilian control and end military government within the province. Though initially conceived of as a supporting effort to a broader whole of government approach, in the end military operations became the decisive means for ending Moro resistance to American authority. CHAPTER 1 - INTRODUCTION * Background * Primary Research Question * Secondary Research Questions * Limitations * Literature Review * Primary Sources * Secondary Sources * CHAPTER 2 - THE LEONARD WOOD YEARS, 1903-1906 * Introduction * Government Organization * Legal System * Taxation * Education * Infrastructure * Economy * Security Operations * Constabulary Operations * Military Operations * Conclusion * CHAPTER 3 - THE TASKER BLISS YEARS, 1906-1909 * Introduction * Economy * Infrastructure * Education * Government * Security * Conclusion * CHAPTER 4 - THE JOHN J. PERSHING YEARS, 1909-1913 * Introduction * Education * Economy * Infrastructure * Government * Security * Conclusion * CHAPTER 5 - CONCLUSION

An often overshadowed event in American military history, the Spanish-American War began as a humanitarian effort on the part of the United States to provide military assistance for the liberation of Cuba from Spanish domination. At the time, no one knew that this simple premise would result in an American empire. Through extensive research, Mark Barnes has created a comprehensive, annotated bibliography detailing this globally significant conflict and its aftermath. Insightful notes are included for every title in each chronologically organized chapter. By drawing together an impressive collection of sources, including some previously not readily available to English language readers, Barnes has created an invaluable resource for scholars of this conflict. Routledge Research Guides to American Military Studies provide concise, annotated bibliographies to the major areas and events in American military history. With the inclusion of brief critical annotations after each entry, the student and researcher can easily assess the utility of each bibliographic source and evaluate the abundance of resources available with ease and efficiency. Comprehensive, concise, and current—Routledge Research Guides to American Military Studies are an essential research tool for any historian.

The Philippine-American War and Moro War demonstrate the failure of an insurgency to achieve objectives if there is a lack of support from the populace. The American occupation of the Philippine islands in 1898 provoked sentiments of anti-imperialism among the populace. The result was a hastily organized guerilla campaign that led to the Philippine-American War (1899-1902). The insurgency of the Moro War attempted to unite the populace to force the withdrawal of the United States. During both wars, American commanders and forces adapted policies and objectives to counter the insurgency and gain the support of the local population. This monograph examines the strategy of the insurgency campaigns for the insurrectos and Moro insurgents. The decentralized organization, lack of resources, and objectives created conditions that weakened the insurgency. The inability of the insurgencies to gain support from the populace resulted in the absence of effort to fight the invading American military.1. Introduction * 2. Methodology * 3. Definition of Terms * 4. Literature Review * 5. Philippine-American War (1899-1902) * 6. Moro War (1903-1913) * 7. ConclusionThe Spanish conquest and rule of the Philippines lasted for over 300 years. Spanish influence during this time significantly influenced cultural and religious changes in Filipino society. This influence of the colony did not extend to the promotion of Filipino self-governing and economic development. The last half of the nineteenth century saw the rise of a group called the illustrados. This group embraced liberalism, reforms, and advocated for increased incorporation of Filipinos in the governing of the Philippines. The late 1800s saw the increase of independence movements led by educated elites that supported a mix of change through both peace and violence. In March 1897, Emilio Aguinaldo became the head of the Philippine revolutionary army against the Spanish. The objectives of the Philippine revolution centered on greater participation of Filipino citizens in the governance of the islands. These revolutionary forces achieved moderate success when the Spanish promised the Filipinos representation and equal treatment in political appointments. The terms were dependent on the surrender of arms and all revolutionary leaders going into exile in Hong Kong. The U.S. invasion of the Philippines in 1898 ended the small victories achieved by the Filipino revolutionaries and would test their resiliency in achieving independence.The Philippine-American War occurred after Spanish authorities ceded the Philippine Islands to American forces in August 1898. In February 1899, Filipino nationalists, led by Emilio Aguinaldo, became involved in a conventional fight against American forces to gain independence. U.S. strength in numbers, equipment, and weapons quickly overpowered the Filipino forces. The next phase of the war saw a shift in tactics to guerilla warfare, consisting of sporadic attacks and ambushes on U.S. forces. The aim for Aguinaldo's resistance force was to undermine the actions of the U.S. military, forcing an end to American occupation. The Filipino revolutionaries organized into autonomous regional commands. These commands organized attacks and attempted to control the populace through shadow governments.

American Datu: John J. Pershing and Counterinsurgency Warfare in the Muslim Philippines, 1899–1913 provides a play-by-play account of a crucial but often overlooked period in the development of American counterinsurgency strategy. Tracing Pershing's military campaigns in the Philippines, Ronald K. Edgerton examines how Progressive counterinsurgency doctrine evolved in direct response to the first sustained military encounter between the United States and Muslim militants. Pershing de-emphasized so-called civilizing efforts and stressed the practicality of building relationships with local Moro leaders and immersing himself in Moro cultural practices. In turn, Moros elected him as a fellow datu, or chief, and Pershing came to realize a fundamental principle of counterinsurgency warfare: one size does not fit all, and tactics must be molded to fit the specific environment. In light of Pershing's military success, this study calls for a reevaluation of the more invasive counterinsurgency methods used by US officers against Muslim militants today, and it addresses the important role the Philippine–American War played in developing modern US military strategy.

In the first half of the 20th century, throughout the Balkans and Middle East, a familiar story of destroyed communities forced to flee war or economic crisis unfolded. Often, these refugees of the Ottoman Empire - Christians, Muslims and Jews - found their way to new continents, forming an Ottoman diaspora that had a remarkable ability to reconstitute, and even expand, the ethnic, religious, and ideological diversity of their homelands. Ottoman Refugees, 1878-1939 offers a unique study of a transitional period in world history experienced through these refugees living in the Middle East, the Americas, South-East Asia, East Africa and Europe. Isa Blumi explores the tensions emerging between those trying to preserve a world almost entirely destroyed by both the nation-state and global capitalism and the agents of the so-called Modern era.

A century after the Cuban war for independence was fought, Louis Pérez examines the meaning of the war of 1898 as represented in one hundred years of American historical writing. Offering both a critique of the conventional historiography and an alternate

Written by a reserve officer who spent a tour in the Philippines producing a classified history for US Special Operations Command, this first-ever publicly available history of OEF-P provides both a detailed accounting of the operation's successes and a model for trainers and advisers providing assistance to host-nation security forces around the globe. Stentiford emphasizes that what made OEF-P a success was an adherence to time-honored principles of counterinsurgency: insisting that host-nation forces take the lead and conducting operations with a minimal footprint that bought the essential time for the mission to succeed. Success in the Shadows is both a fitting tribute to the operators who performed this vital mission and a primer for those who will be called upon to do so in the future.

While typically the victims of war, civilians are not necessarily passive recipients of violence. What options are available to civilians in times of war? This book suggests three broad strategies - flight, support, and voice. It focuses on three conflicts: Aceh, Indonesia; Patani, southern Thailand; and Mindanao, southern Philippines.