Advances in Clinical Chemistry

Parenteral nutrition has been one of the most significant therapeutic advances of the past twenty years. Many patients have survived very serious illness only because of intravenous nutrition for either short or very long periods of time. The indications for parenteral nutrition are simple and can be summarised as the inability to ingest necessary nutrients for a significant time during increased metabolic demands. Many problems in the preparation of energy sources and amino acid solutions have been solved so that the time is opportune to review what has been achieved and discuss recent advances and current thinking in the light of future requirements. The next phase in parenteral nutrition will undoubtedly be the provision of regimens designed for specific situations. The needs of the neonate for example are known to differ from adult requirements. The choice of carbohydrate for intravenous use has been a matter of much of glucose both in biochemical and clinical terms discussion. The supremacy now seems well established. The value of intravenous fat is well documented, but the interchange of fat and carbohydrate as calorie sources and the effects of prolonged infusions of fat merit further investigation. The evidence that isotonic amino acids are utilized effectively when given alone due to the availability of endogenous energy sources has led to a greater understanding of the metabolic changes and demands associated with injury and sepsis.

Includes subject section, name section, and 1968-1970, technical reports.

The Metabolic Basis of Surgical Care focuses on the concise account of the composition and metabolism of the body in health and disease. The book first tackles body composition in health and disease and water and electrolyte metabolism. Topics include cations, potassium, anions, concept of body spaces, blood volume, body ionic masses, and principles of measurement. The manuscript then ponders on energy metabolism and nutrition, including dietary requirements, changes in disease, vitamins, carbohydrates, sodium, and enzymes. The text elaborates on the endocrine aspects of the metabolic response to injury and circulatory homeostasis. Discussions focus on hydrocortisone, digitalis, antibiotics, blood substitutes, adrenal cortex, kidney, thyroid, pituitary, and adrenal medulla. Hydrogen ion regulation, problems in surgical care, respiratory and renal systems, and gastrointestinal metabolic problems are also discussed. The publication is a valuable source of data for doctors, clinicians, and readers wanting to explore the metabolic grounds of surgical care.

Parenteral Products: The Preparation and Quality Control of Products for Injection deals with modern pharmaceutical practice in the preparation, quality control, and storage of injectable drug solutions. The book gives a basic background of parenteral solutions, the routes of administration, the effects of the different administrations of injection solutions, and the formulation of these products. The text discusses the theories of filtration, the different methods used, such as screen filters, depth filters, and the possible choices of filtration to capture any preselected unwanted particle size. Developments on sterilization of the product are given attention, citing techniques and equipment. The working and preparation conditions are discussed, since the sterile intravenous solutions, whether in large or small quantities, are done in quite the same procedures, with the similar equipment, and same organization. Equally important in the discussion are the monitoring and control of contamination by particulates through the application of standards known as the Coulter principle and the light-blockage method. The pharmaceutical problems encountered during the administration of large volume drip solutions are analyzed. This book is helpful for pharmacists, pharmaceutical students and professors, and those working in the pharmaceutical industry and hospital/health sector.