The history of the development of free balloons to carry heavy payloads into the stratosphere is reviewed with the objective of developing a design based on existing technologies for a balloon to carry 9000 lb to 90,000 ft. Reinforced polyester balloons, in tandem balloon configurations, are discussed with respect to materials, design criteria, and performance. The problem of launch dynamics for single cell polyethylene balloons is also discussed and it is concluded that a capped single cell polyethylene balloon can be dynamically launched, successfully, with the 9000-lb payload. Further, it is concluded that the single cell polyethylene balloon is the best means to meet the objective. Specifications for such a balloon are provided.

A selection of annotated references to unclassified reports and journal articles that were introduced into the NASA scientific and technical information system and announced in Scientific and technical aerospace reports (STAR) and International aerospace abstracts (IAA).

Those who use large polyethylene balloons for experimental programs are presented with background information on the processes of selecting and designing balloons to meet their respective mission requirements. The effects of payload weight, altitude, duration, and vertical control on both the total payload weight and the balloon size are discussed with respect to these processes. The need to define missions success in terms of realistic requirements is emphasized and a mission planning procedure is proposed. Assumptions and problems in contemporary balloon design are discussed, and design and analysis procedures based on the loads and geometry at the time of launch are developed. Dynamic launch shock is proposed as a criterion for shell thickness, and a model of polyethylene film modulus is developed to account for strain rate and stress and strain relaxation at a launch temperature of 23 degrees C. Computer codes have been written for the processes of balloon selection and balloon design to meet mission requirements. They are intended to be a basis for more efficient, interactive mission planning. Finally, improvements to the balloon design process are proposed and discussed.