As part of the Ring of Fire, Indonesia is one of the most volcanic countries on earth. The archipelago is home to many dormant volcanoes as well as some of the most violent volcanoes on the planet; the infamous Mt Merapi in Java erupts at least once a decade, often with devastating effects. Most people are aware of the destruction that volcanoes are capable of causing but few stop to consider how beneficial they are to the environment and population. Indonesia's ability to grow crops and sustain its population is in large part thanks to fertile volcanic soil. The country's volcanoes have literally and figuratively shaped the nation. In his approximately 25 years living in Indonesia, photographer Carl-Bernd Kaehlig has climbed many of these monster mountains and learnt the myths and legends surrounding them from his local guides. Volcanoes of Indonesia: Creators and Destroyers is a mesmerising collection of Kaehlig's best photographs, which are accompanied by informative captions and an introductory essay that gives the reader a sense of the importance of these mountains.

Explains how this volcano was formed, the devastation it caused, what scientists have learned from it.

Volcanoes are one of the natural wonders that are intriguing to study. From the outside, a volcano may appear like an ordinary mountain, but within it lies a tremendous force capable of producing dangerously large eruptions. Since prehistoric times, humans have been studying this phenomenon, and to this day, volcanoes remain an interesting research topic for scientists and natural observers. Despite often being frightening, volcanoes also have significant potential to provide benefits to humans, such as generating geothermal energy and fertile soil rich in nutrients. This book will discuss volcanoes in Indonesia.

The power of a volcanic eruption is one of nature's most dangerous forces. From the beginning of recorded time, volcanoes have continually changed Earth's surface and weather patterns. Each of these books, which are written to accompany and enhance an earth science curriculum, describes the composition of planet Earth, the different types of volcanoes, and the geologic events that bring about an eruption. This dynamic series takes a look at six of the most important active volcanoes on Earth and the big blasts that have altered the history of humankind.The 1815 eruption of this volcano was the most deadly explosion of any volcano in recent history. Nearly 92,000 human deaths were attributed to the blast from this Indonesian volcano.

Volcanoes are one of the most fascinating and fearsome geological phenomena on Earth. As sources of magma, gas, and other volcanic materials, volcanoes can cause highly destructive eruptions that damage the surrounding environment. This book will delve into volcanoes, exploring what causes them, how their activity is monitored, and why volcanoes can have both positive and negative impacts on human life.

This book contains 12 chapters dealing with the studies on volcanoes, their geological and geophysical setting, the theoretical aspects and the numerical modeling on volcanoes, the applications of volcanoes to the industry, and the impact of volcanoes on the human health, in different geological settings and using several techniques and methods, including the volcanology, the seismology, the statistical methods to assess the correlation between seismic and volcanic activity (modified Ripley's K-function to regional seismicity), the field geological survey of volcanic successions, the analytical methods of petrologic analysis, the petrography of the volcanic rocks with the individuation of the modal compositions of volcanic rocks and their comparison with major elements and trace elements in variation diagrams, and the argon isotopic measurements performed through the peak height comparison (unspiked) method. The oceanographic methods have also been applied to case studies of submarine volcanic edifices located in the Canary Islands (Atlantic Ocean), including the sampling of the water column with a conductivity-temperature-depth (CTD) sensor rosette with 24 Niskin bottles, in order to determinate key physical and chemical parameters, such as the total-scale pH, the total dissolved inorganic carbon (C), the total alkalinity (A), the temperature, the salinity, and the dissolved oxygen. Problems of volcanic risk mitigation have also been treated, regarding the eruption disasters in Indonesia, a country where a high number of people live next to the volcanoes, and characterized by the lack of public awareness of the eruption disasters. Petrographic methods have been successfully applied to the study of the Cretaceous magmatism of the layered gabbroids of the Chukotka region (Pekulney Ridge, Russia), and geodynamic implications have been successfully established through geological and petrographic studies. The relationships among the mantle wedge, the convective heat and mass transfer, the infiltration metasomatism, the zoning, and the mathematical models have been applied to the comprehension of complex volcanic areas through the theoretical aspects of volcanic studies on magmatic chambers coupled with numerical modeling, including finite element models (FEMs) in the individuation of volcanic deformations.

This chapter discusses the unique characteristics of the volcanic eruptions in Indonesia. We know that Indonesia has 147 volcanoes and 76 of them are active volcanoes and spread along the islands of Java, Lesser Sunda, Sumatra, and Celebes. The characteristics of Indonesian volcanoes are quite unique in terms of the formation process, eruption phenomenon, and the resulting natural disasters. Most volcanoes in Indonesia consist of stratovolcanoes, but this does not mean that the resulting eruptions are always explosive and they have a long period. This can be seen from the activity of Semeru that always erupts effusively every day, Sinabung that has a very short eruption period, Tangkuban Perahu eruption that occurs suddenly with the lack of early signs, and Merapi and Kelud that have eruption period that is getting shorter. Based on the results of our study it can be known that the types of volcanic eruption are influenced by the structure of the constituent rocks of the volcanoes. However, the presence of external control factors in the form of large-scale earthquakes will affect their periodicity. The large earthquakes can affect the stability of the magma chamber that can trigger a premature eruption.