Arabic is the third most widely used script in the world, and gave rise to one of the richest manuscript cultures of mankind. Its representation in type has engaged printers, engineers, businesses and designers since the 16th century, and today most digital devices render Arabic type. Yet the evolution of the printed form of Arabic, and its development from metal to pixels, has not been charted before. Arabic Type-Making in the Machine Age provides the first comprehensive account of this history using previously undocumented archival sources. In this richly illustrated volume, Titus Nemeth narrates the evolution of Arabic type under the influence of changing technologies from the perspective of a practitioner, combining historical research with applied design considerations.

Tibetan Typeforms' presents in-depth research regarding the origin, development, and typographical function of letter types in Tibetan writing, from their beginnings in 1738 to the present. Besides introducing the characteristics of Tibetan script and the chronological evolution of letter design and typographic techniques, it also offers a comparative visual and analytical investigation of the manufacture of multilingual typesets and their deployment. Multiple solutions for these typographical complexities are identified, including the placement of diacritical marks, the vertical composition of syllable ligatures, and the many glyphs to be designed.

Appearing for the first time in an English-language edition, The Stroke puts forward a genuine theory of writingthat is, the concepts behind letters on the page, whether by pen, pencil, or brush. Concerned not with art calligraphy and beautiful forms, The Stroke is a description of the phenomenon of letters and how they are made in writing. Starting from basic principles, Noordzij begins with the white space that creates definition by surrounding letters. Then, using simple geometrical concepts, he describes in minute detail how the strokes of writing can be formed. His theory serves to repair the split that grew up, with the invention of printing, between written and typographic letters. With The Stroke, Noordzij can be seen as a prophet of digital typography committed to freeing typefaces from the constraints of their embodiment in metal.

In 1991 publishers Uitgeverij De Buitenkant and Spectatorpers published a small book entitled "Romanée en Trinité: Historisch origineel en systematisch slordig". The author set the Dutch text by hand, using Jan van Krimpen's Romanée, and printed 500 copies on a Victoria platen press. Drukkerij Jan de Jong (Uitgeverij De Buitenkant's in-house press) printed the type specimen section in offset. By 1991 the Autologic phototypesetter had already been phased out, Enschedé having switched to digital typesetting. Fortunately the author was able to use the phototypeset positives for the 1982 type specimen. Enschedé had given Peter Matthias Noordzij the job of digitizing Trinité and in the second half of Romanée en Trinité the author was able to give a foretaste of the results. This book contains the full text of Romanée en Trinité, but it was technically impossible to include the hand-set specimen.

Advanced art education is in the process of developing research programs throughout Europe. What does the term research actually means in the practice of art? What is the relation to the scientific methods of alpha, beta or gamma sciences, directed toward knowledge production and the development of a certain scientific domaine? What will be the influence of scientific research on the art forms?

“Dunhuang Manuscript Culture” explores the world of Chinese manuscripts from ninth-tenth century Dunhuang, an oasis city along the network of pre-modern routes known today collectively as the Silk Roads. The manuscripts have been discovered in 1900 in a sealed-off side-chamber of a Buddhist cave temple, where they had lain undisturbed for for almost nine hundred years. The discovery comprised tens of thousands of texts, written in over twenty different languages and scripts, including Chinese, Tibetan, Old Uighur, Khotanese, Sogdian and Sanskrit. This study centres around four groups of manuscripts from the mid-ninth to the late tenth centuries, a period when the region was an independent kingdom ruled by local families. The central argument is that the manuscripts attest to the unique cultural diversity of the region during this period, exhibiting—alongside obvious Chinese elements—the heavy influence of Central Asian cultures. As a result, it was much less ‘Chinese’ than commonly portrayed in modern scholarship. The book makes a contribution to the study of cultural and linguistic interaction along the Silk Roads.

A series of critical essays and insights about graphic design and typography.

Cosmetics are the most widely applied products to the skin and include creams, lotions, gels and sprays. Their formulation, design and manufacturing ranges from large cosmetic houses to small private companies. This book covers the current science in the formulations of cosmetics applied to the skin. It includes basic formulation, skin science, advanced formulation, and cosmetic product development, including both descriptive and mechanistic content with an emphasis on practical aspects. Key Features: Covers cosmetic products/formulation from theory to practice Includes case studies to illustrate real-life formulation development and problem solving Offers a practical, user-friendly approach, relying on the work of recognized experts in the field Provides insights into the future directions in cosmetic product development Presents basic formulation, skin science, advanced formulation and cosmetic product development

This textbook analyses changes from every area of grammar and addresses recent developments in socio-historical linguistics.