The Vertebrate IntegumentVolume 1

The Vertebrate IntegumentVolume 1
Author :
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
Total Pages : 276
Release :
ISBN-10 : 9783642537486
ISBN-13 : 3642537480
Rating : 4/5 (86 Downloads)

Synopsis The Vertebrate IntegumentVolume 1 by : Theagarten Lingham-Soliar

The vertebrate integument arose about 450 million years ago as an ‘armour’ of dermal bony plates in small, jawless fish-like creatures, informally known as the ostracoderms. This book reviews the major changes that have occurred in the vertebrate integument from its beginnings to the present day. Critical questions concerning the origin, structure and functional biology of the bony integument are discussed and intrinsically linked to major steps in vertebrate evolution and phylogeny—the origin of jaws and the origin of teeth. The discussions include the origins of mineralization of major vertebrate skeletal components such as the dermatocranium, branchial arches and vertebral column. The advances that led to the origin of modern fishes and their phylogenetic development are reviewed and include the evolution of fins and replacement of the bony plates with several types of dermal scales. The evolution of reptiles saw a major transformation of the integument, with the epidermis becoming the protective outermost layer, from which the scales arose, while the dermis lay below it. The biological significance of the newly-evolved β-keratin in reptilian scales, among the toughest natural materials known, is discussed in the context of its major contribution to the great success of reptiles and to the evolution of feathers and avian flight. The dermis in many vertebrates is strengthened by layers of oppositely oriented cross-fibres, now firmly entrenched as a design principle of biomechanics. Throughout the book conventional ideas are discussed and a number of new hypotheses are presented in light of the latest developments. The long evolutionary history of vertebrates indicates that the significance of the Darwinian concept of “survival of the fittest” may be overstated, including in our own mammalian origins and that chance often plays a major role in evolutionary patterns. Extensive illustrations are included to support the verbal descriptions. Professor Theagarten Lingham-Soliar is in the Department of Life Sciences at the University of KwaZulu-Natal.

The Vertebrate Integument Volume 2

The Vertebrate Integument Volume 2
Author :
Publisher : Springer
Total Pages : 357
Release :
ISBN-10 : 9783662460054
ISBN-13 : 366246005X
Rating : 4/5 (54 Downloads)

Synopsis The Vertebrate Integument Volume 2 by : Theagarten Lingham-Soliar

The emphasis in this volume is on the structure and functional design of the integument. The book starts with a brief introduction to some basic principles of physics (mechanics) including Newton’s Three Laws of Motion. These principles are subsequently used to interpret the problems animals encounter in motion. It is in only the last 40 or so years that we have begun to understand how important a role the integument plays in the locomotion of many marine vertebrates. This involves the crossed-fiber architecture, which was first discovered in a classic study on nemertean worms. As a design principle we see that the crossed-fiber architecture is ubiquitous in nature. Research on some of the most dynamic marine vertebrates of the oceans – tuna, dolphins and sharks, and the extinct Jurassic ichthyosaurs – shows precisely how the crossed-fiber architecture contributes to high-speed swimming and (in lamnid sharks) may even aid in energy conservation. However, this design principle is not restricted to animals in the marine biota but is also found as far afield as the dinosaurs and, most recently, has been revealed as a major part of the microstructure of the most complex derivative of the integument, the feather. We see that a variety of phylogenetically diverse vertebrates take to the air by using skin flaps to glide from tree to tree or to the ground, and present detailed descriptions of innovations developed in pursuit of improved gliding capabilities in both extinct and modern day gliders. But the vertebrate integument had even greater things in store, namely true or flapping flight. Pterosaurs were the first vertebrates to use the integument as a membrane in true flapping flight and these interesting extinct animals are discussed on the basis of past and cutting-edge research , most intriguingly with respect to the structure of the flight membrane. Bats, the only mammals that fly, also employ integumental flight membranes. Classic research on bat flight is reviewed and supplemented with the latest research, which shows the complexities of the wing beat cycle to be significantly different from that of birds, as revealed by particle image velocimetry. The book’s largest chapter is devoted to birds, given that they make up nearly half of the over 22,000 species of tetrapods. The flight apparatus of birds is unique in nature and is described in great detail, with innovative research highlighting the complexity of the flight structures, bird flight patterns, and behavior in a variety of species. This is complimented by new research on the brains of birds, which shows that they are more complex than previously thought. The feather made bird flight possible, and was itself made possible by β-keratin, contributing to what may be a unique biomechanical microstructure in nature, a topic discussed in some depth. A highly polarized subject concerns the origin of birds and of the feather. Alleged fossilized protofeathers (primal simple feathers) are considered on the basis of histological and taphonomic investigative studies in Chapter 6. Finally, in Chapter 7 we discuss the controversies associated with this field of research. Professor Theagarten Lingham-Soliar works at the Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, Port Elizabeth and is an Honorary Professor of Life Sciences at the University of KwaZulu-Natal.

The Vertebrate Integument Volume 1

The Vertebrate Integument Volume 1
Author :
Publisher :
Total Pages : 284
Release :
ISBN-10 : 3642537499
ISBN-13 : 9783642537493
Rating : 4/5 (99 Downloads)

Synopsis The Vertebrate Integument Volume 1 by : Theagarten Lingham-Soliar

How Vertebrates Left the Water

How Vertebrates Left the Water
Author :
Publisher : Univ of California Press
Total Pages : 276
Release :
ISBN-10 : 9780520947986
ISBN-13 : 0520947983
Rating : 4/5 (86 Downloads)

Synopsis How Vertebrates Left the Water by : Michel Laurin

More than three hundred million years ago—a relatively recent date in the two billion years since life first appeared—vertebrate animals first ventured onto land. This usefully illustrated book describes how some finned vertebrates acquired limbs, giving rise to more than 25,000 extant tetrapod species. Michel Laurin uses paleontological, geological, physiological, and comparative anatomical data to describe this monumental event. He summarizes key concepts of modern paleontological research, including biological nomenclature, paleontological and molecular dating, and the methods used to infer phylogeny and character evolution. Along with a discussion of the evolutionary pressures that may have led vertebrates onto dry land, the book also shows how extant vertebrates yield clues about the conquest of land and how scientists uncover evolutionary history.

Biological Systems in Vertebrates, Vol. 1

Biological Systems in Vertebrates, Vol. 1
Author :
Publisher : CRC Press
Total Pages : 288
Release :
ISBN-10 : 9780429530425
ISBN-13 : 0429530420
Rating : 4/5 (25 Downloads)

Synopsis Biological Systems in Vertebrates, Vol. 1 by : J N Maina

Gives an account of the morphologies of vertebrate respiratory organs and attempts to explicate the basis of the common and different structural and functional designs and stratagems that have evolved for acquisition of molecular oxygen. The book has been written with a broad readership in mind: students of biology as well as experts in the discipl

Mammalian Evolution, Diversity and Systematics

Mammalian Evolution, Diversity and Systematics
Author :
Publisher : Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG
Total Pages : 742
Release :
ISBN-10 : 9783110382549
ISBN-13 : 3110382547
Rating : 4/5 (49 Downloads)

Synopsis Mammalian Evolution, Diversity and Systematics by : Frank Zachos

There are nearly 6,000 mammalian species, among them our own. Research on our evolutionary cousins has a long history, but the last 20 years have seen particularly rapid progress in disentangling the interrelationships and evolutionary history of mammals. The present volume combines up-to-date reviews on mammalian phylogenetics with paleontological, taxonomic and evolutionary chapters and also summarizes the historical development of our insights in mammalian relationships, and thus our own place in the Tree of Life. Our book places the present biodiversity crisis in context, with one in four mammal species threatened by extinction, and reviews the distribution and conservation of mammalian diversity across the globe. This volume is the introductory tome to the new Mammalia series of the Handbook of Zoology and will be essential reading for mammalogists, zoologists and conservationists alike.

Comparative Vertebrate Morphology

Comparative Vertebrate Morphology
Author :
Publisher : Academic Press
Total Pages : 544
Release :
ISBN-10 : 9781483272597
ISBN-13 : 1483272591
Rating : 4/5 (97 Downloads)

Synopsis Comparative Vertebrate Morphology by : Douglas Webster

Comparative Vertebrate Morphology provides a comprehensive discussion of vertebrate morphology. The structure-function concept at the level of organs and organ systems is fundamental to an understanding of comparative evolutionary morphology. It is upon these three interrelated aspects—structure, function, and evolution— that that contents of this volume have been organized and presented. The book opens with a discussion of general concepts on vertebrate evolution. This is followed by separate chapters on vertebrate phylogeny, skeletal components, the cranial and postcranial skeleton, muscular tissues, muscular system, and development of the integument, nervous tissues, sense organs, nervous system structure, nervous pathways, and endocrines. Subsequent chapters deal with the digestive, respiratory, circulatory, excretory and water balance, and reproductive systems. This book was designed to meet the needs of a one-semester course for students who have already had an introductory course in biology. It is assumed that the lectures will be supplemented by a laboratory with its own laboratory manual. The organization of the text allows the instructor to coordinate the laboratory and lecture portions of the course.

Keratinization

Keratinization
Author :
Publisher : Elsevier
Total Pages : 64
Release :
ISBN-10 : 9780323161213
ISBN-13 : 0323161219
Rating : 4/5 (13 Downloads)

Synopsis Keratinization by : Nancy Alexander

Keratinization: A Survey of Vertebrate Epithelia illustrates the salient features of the epithelial portion of the skin and its appendages in each class of vertebrates, with emphasis on the ultrastructural and functional aspects. Divided into six chapters, this book begins with the general process of keratinization. Then, epithelial differentiation and specialization in the various classes of vertebrates are described. Classes of vertebrates considered are fish, amphibian, reptilian, avian, and mammalian. This treatise is designed to provide an introduction to the study of vertebrate skin and to stimulate professional investigators to delve into its mysteries.

Modern Text Book of Zoology: Vertebrates

Modern Text Book of Zoology: Vertebrates
Author :
Publisher : Rastogi Publications
Total Pages : 888
Release :
ISBN-10 : 8171338917
ISBN-13 : 9788171338917
Rating : 4/5 (17 Downloads)

Synopsis Modern Text Book of Zoology: Vertebrates by : R. L. Kotpal

Differentiation and Growth of Cells in Vertebrate Tissues

Differentiation and Growth of Cells in Vertebrate Tissues
Author :
Publisher : Springer
Total Pages : 400
Release :
ISBN-10 : 9781489933041
ISBN-13 : 1489933042
Rating : 4/5 (41 Downloads)

Synopsis Differentiation and Growth of Cells in Vertebrate Tissues by : G. Goldspink

In recent years a new field of study has arisen called developmental biology. The term developmental biology is really a new name for embryology; it is, however, used to denote the molecular approach to the study of developing systems. In this book we have tried wherever possible to blend the older information of classical embryology and in particular organogeny with the newer concepts of developmental biology. The original intention was to cover all the tissues of the body in this book. However, it soon became obvious that it was not possible to do this within one volume. Therefore we decided to have two general chapters, one on the basic concepts of cellular development and an other on the ageing of cells (this being considered part of the normal growth process). In addition to these two general chapters we have included chapters on some of the major tissues. These were chosen not just to illustrate the points made in the general chapters but because there is enough information available on the development of these tissues for the expert in that field to present a good, readable account. It is hoped that at a later date when more information is available, we will be able to extend this work, probably as several volumes, and to include the other tissues of the body which are not dealt with in this volume.