Sugar Industry plays an important role in the economy of India. It is the largest agro-based industry in the country. Sugar industry is considered significant for its relation with rural economy.Role of sugar industry in socio economic development is considerable. In Maharashtra a large number of cooperative sugar factories have been established during the last 60 to 70 years. And so the Maharashtra State is remarkable for cooperative sugar industry. Contribution of Maharashtra State cooperative sugar industry has been considerable in the last 60 years. Due to importance of sugar cooperative the present research has been undertaken cooperative sugar factories and Private sugar factories will be compared.

Sugar Industry is the second largest agro based industry in India, next to textile. This is the only industry, located in the rural part of the country. About five crores of sugarcane farmers, their dependants and a large mass of labourers are involved in sugarcane cultivation, harvesting and other related ancillary activities. This constitutes 7.5 per cent of the rural population. Besides, over a five lakhs of skilled and semi-skilled workers, mostly from the rural areas, are employed in the sugar industry, and the annual wage bill of the industry is around Rs.1,000 crores, per year. Presently, Indian sugar industry contributes 15 per cent of the world sugar production. Though, there are more than 700 sugar mills in different stages of installation, almost 450 mills alone are in operation. The annual turnover of the industry goes to Rs.30,000 crores, and cane growers, use to get Rs.6,000 crores, as sugarcane price.

In Brazil, sugarcane ethanol supplied, in 2009, 17.6 % of the energy for land transportation (excluding railroads)and about 55% of the total energy supplied by liquid fuel for Otto cycle engines. Besides the lower production costs ethanol produced from sugarcane in Brazil has another important advantage: in Central-South Brazil only 1 unit of fossil energy is used for each 8-9 units of energy produced by ethanol from sugarcane. Carbon emissions reduction also benefits from sugarcane ethanol: for each cubic meter of ethanol used as fuel, there is net saving of around 2 t CO2 not emitted to the atmosphere while, at the same time, no SO2 is emitted. Sugarcane was introduced in Brazil in 1532. The "Brazilian model" of producing concomitantly sugar and ethanol, brought important technical benefits and made possible an outstanding increase in the competitiveness in the international market for sugar and ethanol. Today about 50% of the sucrose of sugarcane produced in the country is directed to the production of sugar while another half is used to produce Ethanol. Industrial and academic R&D has helped to increase the productivity of ethanol steadily over the past 35 years, at a rate of 3.2% per year. Productivity gains implied savings of planted area by a factor of 2.6. In 2009/2010 the area planted with sugarcane for Ethanol production was 4.2 Mha, amounting to 1% of the total arable land available in Brazil. About 60% of the Ethanol produced in Brazil comes from the State of Sao Paulo, where the productivity is the highest (around 86 t/ha.year). Most of the recent expansion is happening in the center-west region of the country, in degraded pasture lands. The FAPESP Program for Research on Bioenergy, BIOEN, aims at articulating public and private R&D, using academic and industrial laboratories to advance and apply knowledge in fields related to ethanol production in Brazil. The BIOEN Program has a solid core for supporting academic exploratory research activities that will generate new knowledge and form scientists and professionals essential for advancing industry capacity in ethanol related technologies. On top of this, BIOEN includes partnerships with industry for cooperative R&D activities between industrial and academic laboratories, which are to be co-funded by FAPESP and industry.Federal agencies, such as CNPq, will also co-fund the research.

This manual has been designed and written with the purpose of introducing key concepts and areas of debate around the "creative economy", a valuable development opportunity that Latin America, the Caribbean and the world at large cannot afford to miss. The creative economy, which we call the "Orange Economy" in this book (you'll see why), encompasses the immense wealth of talent, intellectual property, interconnectedness, and, of course, cultural heritage of the Latin American and Caribbean region (and indeed, every region). At the end of this manual, you will have the knowledge base necessary to understand and explain what the Orange Economy is and why it is so important. You will also acquire the analytical tools needed to take better advantage of opportunities across the arts, heritage, media, and creative services.

Study with reference to Punjab.