This new volume substantially updates the original pyridazines volume which was published in 1973. Announcing the latest volume in the successful and prominent Chemistry of Heterocyclic Compounds Series.

This book serves as a supplement to The Pyrazines, Volume 41 of theChemistry of Heterocyclic Compounds series. It covers theliterature published between 1979 and 2000, and–together withVolume 41–provides a complete, up-to-date reference forheterocyclic chemists. It emphasizes practical approaches topyrazine chemistry, offers a full appendix of all simple pyrazinesup to 2000, and features detailed coverage of the following topics: Systematic descriptions of all primary synthetic routes topyrazines Other preparative routes to alkylpyrazines and theirreactions Halogenopyrazines and their synthetic uses Oxypyrazines and trivial names for pharmaceutical oragrochemical pyrazines Thiopyrazines Amino-, nitro-, and other similar pyrazines and theirreactions Pyrazinecarboxylic acids and their derivatives The supplement features extensive cross-references to theoriginal volume and uses chemical nomenclature as per current IUPACrecommendations

This first-of-its-kind four-volume book series, Amino Acids: Insights and Roles in Heterocyclic Chemistry, provides readers with up-to-date information on alpha-amino acids, the potential challenges in working with alpha-amino acids, the protecting groups for the carboxyl, amino and side chain groups of the amino acids, and the most popular heterocyclic compounds that are originating from alpha-amino acids. These heterocyclic compounds include hydantoins, thiohydantoins (including 2-thiohydantoins, 4-thiohydantoins, 2,4-dithiohydantoins), 2,5-diketopiperazines, N-carboxyanhydrides, N-thiocarboxyanhydrides, sydnones, sydnonimines, azlactones, pseudoazlactones, and oxazolidin-5-ones. This is the first resource to comprehensively collect all the heterocycles that can be directly prepared from alpha-amino acids. In addition, almost all kinds of synthetic methods for a particular type of heterocycles from alpha-amino acids are included, along with the detailed mechanistic discussions and experimental procedures. Volume 1: Protecting Groups collects and discusses the 260 protecting groups relating to amino acids, which have been organized by carboxyl group, amino group, and side chain groups. The conditions to introduce these protecting groups as well as their deprotecting procedures have also been incorporated, along with the physical properties, solvent effects, and temperature effects on the solubility of amino acids. It presents the solubility of glycine and phenylalanine in a variety of solvent systems to show the impact on amino acid, where glycine generally represents the polar amino acid whereas phenylalanine represents the amino acid of non-polar side chain. In Volume 2: Hydantoins, Thiohydantoins, and 2,5-Diketopiperazines, the author has compiled the three IUPAC accepted nomenclature systems for heterocyclic compounds, which will be very useful for readers working in the heterocyclic chemistry field for giving the synthesized molecules their correct names. In addition, three groups of heterocyclic compounds, i.e., hydantoins, thiohydantoins (including 2-thiohydantoin, 4-thiohydantoin and 2,4-dithiohydantoin), and 2,5-diketopiperazines, have been organized with updated literature information. Particularly, all three groups of heterocyclic compounds have demonstrated many important biological activities, particularly anticancer and antibacterial activities. On the other hand, these three groups of heterocycles can be applied as substrates to make other chemical derivatives, particularly novel unnatural amino acids. All their reactivities have been compiled and updated. These will be very valuable for readers who have been working in this area or have interest in this area. Volume 3: N-Carboxyanhydrides, N-Thiocarboxyanhydrides, and Sydnones presents up-to-date detailed information on two types of heterocyclic compounds that are originated from alpha-amino acids: NCAs/NTAs and sydnones/sydnonimines. The volume also covers the more than 10 initiating systems for the NCA monomers to undergo the ring-opening polymerization, which are very useful for readers in order to make living polypeptides/polypeptoids. In addition, the method to characterize these prepared polypeptides/polypeptoids are included. Particularly, two modern mass spectrometric techniques (MALDI-TOF and ESI-TOF) have been explained with detailed examples, where the elucidation of molecular weight of protein based on the ESI-TOF spectra have been given with a practical example as well as the theory that is based on, a unique feature of the volume. Volume 4: Azlactones and Oxazolidin-5-ones discusses two types of simple heterocycles that can be prepared from alpha-amino acids, i.e., azlactones (also known as oxazolones, 4-unsaturated azlactones included) and oxazolidin-5-ones. These heterocyclic compounds behave differently in both biological and chemical properties, and their biological activities are presented in a well-organized manner in this volume. This unique 4-volume set thoroughly covers more than seven types of heterocyclic compounds that are originated from alpha-amino acids, providing carefully compiled updated information with detailed examples. The author has shared many thoughtful insights based on his strong background in physical organic chemistry. The volumes will be highly valuable for graduate students and senior students, as well as for professors and researchers working in the field of medicinal and pharmaceutical chemistry, organic chemistry, organic synthesis, heterocycles, and proteins and peptides.

New edition of the acclaimed reference series, Houben-Weyl. This new ed. is published in English and is available in both print and electronic formats. Clear and systematic, Science of Synthesis provides practical solutions and offers a route through the mass of information available in the primary literature. This one-stop reference tool is: Comprehensive: contains synthetic models selected by world-renowned experts, with full experimental procedures and background information. Reliable: the international editorial board is made up of distinguished chemists with unparalleled experience and competence. Logical and easy-to-navigate: information is organized in a hierarchical system based on the compound or functional group to be synthesized. Authoritative: critically evaluates the preparative applicability and significance of the synthetic methods. Wide-ranging: considers methods from journals, books, and patent literature from the early 1800s up to the present day and presents important synthetic methods for all classes of compounds.

Advanced energetic materialsâ€"explosive fill and propellantsâ€"are a critical technology for national security. While several new promising concepts and formulations have emerged in recent years, the Department of Defense is concerned about the nation's ability to maintain and improve the knowledge base in this area. To assist in addressing these concerns, two offices within DOD asked the NRC to investigate and assess the scope and health of the U.S. R&D efforts in energetic materials. This report provides that assessment. It presents several findings about the current R&D effort and recommendations aimed at improving U.S. capabilities in developing new energetic materials technology. This study reviewed U.S. research and development in advanced energetics being conducted by DoD, the DoE national laboratories, industries, and academia, from a list provided by the sponsors. It also: (a) reviewed papers and technology assessments of non-U.S. work in advanced energetics, assessed important parameters, such as validity, viability, and the likelihood that each of these materials can be produced in quantity; (b) identified barriers to scale-up and production, and suggested technical approaches for addressing potential problems; and (c) suggested specific opportunities, strategies, and priorities for government sponsorship of technologies and manufacturing process development.

Considerable advances have been made regarding the chemistry of triple-bonded functional groups since the first volume in this series was published. This updated version covers information which has been reported during the last 15 years.