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Tracing its distant origins to the villa of the Roman emperor Hadrian in the second century AD, the eccentric phenomenon of the ornamental hermit enjoyed its heyday in the England of the eighteenth century It was at this time that it became highly fashionable for owners of country estates to commission architectural follies for their landscape gardens. These follies often included hermitages, many of which still survive, often in a ruined state. Landowners peopled their hermitages either with imaginary hermits or with real hermits - in some cases the landowner even became his own hermit. Those who took employment as garden hermits were typically required to refrain from cutting their hair or washing, and some were dressed as druids. Unlike the hermits of the Middle Ages, these were wholly secular hermits, products of the eighteenth century fondness for 'pleasing melancholy'. Although the fashion for them had fizzled out by the end of the eighteenth century, they had left their indelible mark on both the literature as well as the gardens of the period. And, as Gordon Campbell shows, they live on in the art, literature, and drama of our own day - as well as in the figure of the modern-day garden gnome. This engaging and generously illustrated book takes the reader on a journey that is at once illuminating and whimsical, both through the history of the ornamental hermit and also around the sites of many of the surviving hermitages themselves, which remain scattered throughout England, Scotland, and Ireland. And for the real enthusiast, there is even a comprehensive checklist, enabling avid hermitage-hunters to locate their prey.

Author Wilhelm Busch (18321908) was a prominent German caricaturist, painter, sculptor and poet. His satirical picture stories with rhymed texts earned him the honorary epithet of Grandfather of Comics. One of his first picture stories, Max and Moritz (1865), was an immediate success and has achieved the status of a popular classic and perennial bestseller. Max and Moritz, as well as many of Buschs other picture stories, are regarded as one of the primary precursors to the modern comic strip. Busch is also known for his poems, some of which are written in a satirical style similar to his picture stories, while others are of a deeper lyrical character. Translator John Fitzell (19232010) was a professor and chair of the Department of Germanic Languages and Literatures at Rutgers University, New Brunswick. Born in New York City, he earned his BA and PhD in German at Princeton University. He is the author of the monograph The Hermit in German Literature, from Lessing to Eichendorff (1961), as well as many articles on German literature of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. A talented poet and translator, Dr. Fitzell coauthored a book of poems, Springwurzeln (1980), with his wife, Dr. Ilse Pracht Fitzell. Editor Alexander E. Pichugin was born in Engels, Russia, in 1972. He studied literature in Russia at Saratov State University and in Germany at Friedrich-Alexander University, Erlangen-Nuremberg. He graduated with a PhD in German from the University of Pennsylvania in 2010. He has authored numerous papers on German literature, cinema, and language pedagogy.

Nature in Literary and Cultural Studies is a collection of essays written by European and North American scholars who argue that nature and culture can no longer be thought of in oppositional, mutually exclusive terms. They are united in an effort to push the theoretical limits of ecocriticism towards a more rigorous investigation of nature's critical potential as a concept that challenges modern culture's philosophical assumptions, epistemological convictions, aesthetic principles, and ethical imperatives. This volume offers scholars and students of literature, culture, history, philosophy, and linguistics new insights into the ongoing transformation of ecocriticism into an innovative force in international and interdisciplinary literary and cultural studies.

The first English-language study devoted to Hölderlin's novel in three decades, this book reveals Hyperion's literary and philosophical richness and its complex ties with politics, choreography, and economics.