This book focuses in detail on all ecologically important aspects of the Kongsfjorden system such as the marine and atmospheric environment including long-term monitoring, Ecophysiology of individual species, structure and function of the ecosystem, ecological processes and biological communities. The contributed articles include review articles and research articles that have a wider approach and bring the current research up-to-date. This book will form a baseline for future work.

This book focuses in detail on all ecologically important aspects of the Kongsfjorden system such as the marine and atmospheric environment including long-term monitoring, Ecophysiology of individual species, structure and function of the ecosystem, ecological processes and biological communities. The contributed articles include review articles and research articles that have a wider approach and bring the current research up-to-date. This book will form a baseline for future work.

The Arctic is often portrayed as being isolated, but the reality is that the connectivity with the rest of the planet is huge, be it through weather patterns, global ocean circulation, and large-scale migration patterns to name but a few. There is a huge amount of public interest in the ‘changing Arctic’, especially in terms of the rapid changes taking place in ecosystems and exploitation of resources. There can be no doubt that the Arctic is at the forefront of the international environmental science agenda, both from a scientific aspect, and also from a policy/environmental management perspective. This book aims to stimulate a wide audience to think about the Arctic by highlighting the remarkable breadth of what it means to study its ecology. Arctic Ecology seeks to systematically introduce the diverse array of ecologies within the Arctic region. As the Arctic rapidly changes, understanding the fundamental ecology underpinning the Arctic is paramount to understanding the consequences of what such change will inevitably bring about. Arctic Ecology is designed to provide graduate students of environmental science, ecology and climate change with a source where Arctic ecology is addressed specifically, with issues due to climate change clearly discussed. It will also be of use to policy-makers, researchers and international agencies who are focusing on ecological issues and effects of global climate change in the Arctic. About the Editor David N. Thomas is Professor of Arctic Ecosystem Research in the Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki. Previously he spent 24 years in the School of Ocean Sciences, Bangor University, Wales. He studies marine systems, with a particular emphasis on sea ice and land-coast interactions in the Arctic and Southern Oceans as well as the Baltic Sea. He also edited a related book: Sea Ice, 3rd Edition (2017), which is also published by Wiley-Blackwell.

The Arctic, in the polar region, the northernmost part of Earth, is the hotspot for climate change assessments and the sensitive barometer of global climate variability. This book includes the scientific observations in the Arctic region’s climate and the results obtained by scientists at the Indian Arctic station Himadri over the past decade. Designed and structured to incorporate multi-dimensional climate change research output, it is a significant contribution toward understanding, among other issues, the role of persistent organic pollutants and mercury, as well as the increase of carbon monoxide during ozone reduction in the Arctic. Features include: Highlights the achievements of climate change research in the Arctic region Includes case studies of scientists in the Arctic and their significant achievements through the Indian research base Himadri Provides a thorough review of palaeoclimate change studies, the impact of climate change on biotic components and the impact of climate change on abiotic components Provides specific details on the study of ozone depletion phenomenon over the Arctic region Covers a wide range of research contributions Details sea ice variability in the context of global warming over the Arctic region Connects seismogenesis with the climate change in the Arctic region This book will be an important read for researchers, students and all interested professionals.

This is the first report of the Circumpolar Biodiversity Monitoring Program (CBMP) to summarize status and trends in biotic elements in the arctic marine environment. The effort has identified knowledge gaps in circumpolar biodiversity monitoring. CBMP is the cornerstone program of Conservation of Arctic Flora and Fauna (CAFF).

Landscape ecology has been a discrete, established discipline since at least 1980. Its marine counterpart, seascape ecology, is barely a decade old, its first applications dating from the early 2010s. Lack of perception of the marine environment hampers the adoption of many landscape ecology approaches to the sea. Seascape ecology relies on special technologies such as remote sensing (either acoustic or optical), robotics, and scuba diving. Both disciplines deal with the spatial configuration of ecosystems and consider environmental heterogeneity and dynamics as the main subjects of study and the key for ecosystem functioning and persistence. Seascape is here intended as the totality of natural and anthropogenic characters of a marine region. To the geologist, it is defined by sedimentology and underwater geomorphology, to the biologist by the nature of the living cover of the seafloor, to the ecologist by the relationships among functional processes and the spatial organization of ecosystems. The goal of this research topic is to encourage original research, case studies, reviews, and viewpoints to identify research priority gaps and possibly contribute to filling them in. We will appreciate, in particular, manuscripts dealing with recent advances such as high-resolution habitat mapping; underwater soundscape and biophony; development, application and validation of biotic indices to assess seafloor integrity (as requested, for instance, by recent European Directives). Papers of interest may discuss the multivarious facets of stability and describe resistance and resilience patterns, the role of stress and disturbance, regime shift and phase shift, or may take up the challenge of integrating coastal landscape and seascape analyses. Studies of long-term series are welcome, as well as methodological improvements, and macroecological approaches on the importance of species diversity and connectivity in seascape organization.

The Polar and Subpolar region comprise one of the seven regions in the world, from the Arctic to the Antarctic, the Atlantic, Pacific, and Indian Oceans. Marine biodiversity in the polar and subpolar regions is one of the richest on earth, hosting important populations of crustaceans, pelagic and benthic species that provide resources for the many seabirds and marine mammals that congregate there. However, these ecosystems, as well as their biodiversity, are vulnerable and already affected by the impacts of climate change and other threats. The high climatic dynamics in those areas have already generated strong modifications to the environment, with irreversible losses in biodiversity and diminished ecosystem services that are essential for the whole planet. The current need to study and understand the biodiversity of the world's oceans makes polar and sub-polar areas key regions for taxonomic and ecological studies.

This book contributes to the current discussion on global environmental changes by discussing modifications in marine ecosystems related to global climate changes. In marine ecosystems, rising atmospheric CO2 and climate changes are associated with shifts in temperature, circulation, stratification, nutrient input, oxygen concentration and ocean acidification, which have significant biological effects on a regional and global scale. Knowing how these changes affect the distribution and abundance of plankton in the ocean currents is crucial to our understanding of how climate change impacts the marine environment. Ocean temperatures, weather and climatic changes greatly influence the amount and location of nutrients in the water column. If temperatures and currents change, the plankton production cycle may not coincide with the reproduction cycle of fish. The above changes are closely related to the changes in radiative forcing, which initiate feedback mechanisms like changes in surface temperature, circulation, and atmospheric chemistry.