"While many of us assume that experience makes teachers better at their jobs, remarkably little research has been done to understand how teachers develop expertise and how it affects their teaching. In Teaching Expertise in Three Countries, Akiko Hayashi gives us a remarkable look at the careers of teachers over the course of more than fifteen years. Not only does her research cover a remarkable timespan, it also studies teachers from three national contexts: Japan, China, and the United States. Hayashi builds on the research that began with Joseph Tobin et al.'s celebrated 1991 book Preschool in Three Cultures, examining six teachers profiled in Tobin's 2009 follow up Preschool in Three Cultures Revisited. Hayashi showed those six teachers videos shot in their classrooms twelve years earlier and asked them to reflect on how they have changed. She also interviewed 120 experienced childhood educators from China, Japan, and the US. The teachers' analysis of changes in teaching style and even the way they talked about their trajectory from novice to expert uncovered important cultural differences. While Japanese teachers described experienced educators as less "in their own heads," Chinese teachers said they took command of a classroom. And American teachers with experience reportedly knew when to let things go. Across the three cultures, experienced teachers also had remarkably similar things to say about their approach to teaching. Experienced teachers in all three cultures describe themselves as being quieter, knowing children better, being more "present" and "in the moment," and having better judgment about which incidents require their intervention. All the same, they followed different professional trajectories. While Chinese educators embraced new ideas and the younger educators that brought those ideas into the classroom, Japanese educators valued traditional methods. US educators were encouraged to adopt new research in their teaching practices, but the new ideas required them to follow rules and scripts, limiting their ability to make use of years of experience. Teaching Expertise in Three Countries helps us see how experience forms teachers, despite national differences, and how we can best support them to make use of their incredible knowledge"--

China's principal concern for ensuring educational quality has generated an emphasis on teacher professional development efforts -- using the most effective ways to transform its teachers from novices to experts. Changes made in Shanghai, the pioneer and model of Chinese education reforms, have far-reaching effects throughout the entire country. Through naturalistic inquiry, this qualitative study explores the meaning of teaching expertise and the process by which ten early childhood teachers in Shanghai evolved from novices to experts. Guiding research questions were as follows: How do 10 early childhood teachers conceptualize expert teaching? How do they describe their process of transforming from a novice to an expert teacher? What are the personal and supportive resources that they attribute to their professional development from novice to expert teachers? Narrative analysis on data yielded six consistent and interrelated themes (recognizing self, conceptualizing expert teacher and teaching expertise, attributing professional growth, acquiring expertise, advising other teachers and additional influences from family and life events) with each evoking a central phenomenon: professional engagement. This multi-dimensional concept is critical to teachers' growth as vigorous, dedicated and fulfilled experts. The 10 teachers, themselves identified as experts, submitted a description of excellent practitioners who love, understand and interact well with children; who have systematic and dynamic knowledge of distinct domains associated with various age-groups; and who are critical thinkers and diligent learners with a strong sense of ethics. Teacher expertise increases gradually with every step of their careers. This study found distinctive career trajectories for expert teachers--eight key steps with three role transitions and basic strategies. Novice teachers' careers might start or suffer from low points, but, sustained by professional engagement, they can develop personal and supportive resources to advance further. Findings on how these Shanghai expert teachers developed and crafted their teaching skills have many implications for China's teacher preparation programs at district, regional and national levels. Since China is a member of the global educational community, research findings also have potential for international relevance as well. Application beyond China must acknowledge the cultural and social context of these Shanghai teachers' professional development to expert teachers. The electronic version of this dissertation is accessible from http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/155370

Discover how high-performing systems shape teaching quality around the world Producing highly skilled and committed teachers is not the work of a single innovative school or the aggregation of heroic individuals who succeed against the odds. In high-performing countries, the opportunities for teachers to learn sophisticated practices and continue to improve are embedded systemically in education policies and practices. Empowered Educators describes how this seemingly magical work is done—how a number of forward-thinking educational systems create a coherent set of policies designed to ensure quality teaching in all communities. . . and how the results are manifested in practice. Spanning three continents and five countries, Empowered Educators examines seven jurisdictions that have worked to develop comprehensive teaching policy systems: Singapore and Finland, the states of New South Wales and Victoria in Australia, the provinces of Alberta and Ontario in Canada, and the province of Shanghai in China. Renowned education expert Linda Darling-Hammond and a team of esteemed scholars offer lessons learned in a number of areas that shape the teaching force and the work of teachers, shedding unprecedented light on areas such as teacher recruitment, preparation, induction and mentoring, professional learning, career and leadership development, and more. Find out how quality teaching is developed and conducted across the globe Discover a common set of strategies for developing, supporting, and sustaining the ongoing learning and development of teachers and school leaders See how high-performing countries successfully recruit and train educators Understand why the sharing of expertise among teachers and administrators within and across schools is beneficial A fascinating read for researchers, policymakers, administrators, teacher educators, pre-service teachers and leaders, and anyone with an interest in education, this book offers a rare glimpse into the systems that are shaping quality teaching around the world.

Cultivate a Culture of Learning by Doing In Teacher Development Picture a world where teachers, equipped with the expertise to produce the best outcomes in every context, confidently and intentionally inquire, adapt, and change instruction based on student needs. Do you know how to get them there? Developing Teaching Expertise offers a proactive framework for teachers to work through iterative design cycles and understand how to make ‘what works best’ work in their unique classroom. Aligned to the varied components of teacher professional learning, this book supports the development of teaching expertise by: Exploring how specific design and leadership approaches can be integrated to form a useful framework for leading teacher professional learning Highlighting ways to navigate through complex educational environments Incorporating illustrative tools and vignettes, and real-life examples of results from different educational settings This book offers a deep exploration to lead and intentionally cultivate a culture of lifelong teacher learning.

A bold, brain-based teaching approach to culturally responsive instruction To close the achievement gap, diverse classrooms need a proven framework for optimizing student engagement. Culturally responsive instruction has shown promise, but many teachers have struggled with its implementation—until now. In this book, Zaretta Hammond draws on cutting-edge neuroscience research to offer an innovative approach for designing and implementing brain-compatible culturally responsive instruction. The book includes: Information on how one’s culture programs the brain to process data and affects learning relationships Ten “key moves” to build students’ learner operating systems and prepare them to become independent learners Prompts for action and valuable self-reflection

When we look beyond lesson planning and curricula—those explicit facets that comprise so much of our discussion about education—we remember that teaching is an inherently social activity, shaped by a rich array of implicit habits, comportments, and ways of communicating. This is as true in the United States as it is in Japan, where Akiko Hayashi and Joseph Tobin have long studied early education from a cross-cultural perspective. Taking readers inside the classrooms of Japanese preschools, Teaching Embodied explores the everyday, implicit behaviors that form a crucially important—but grossly understudied—aspect of educational practice. Akiko Hayashi and Joseph Tobin embed themselves in the classrooms of three different teachers at three different schools to examine how teachers act, think, and talk. Drawing on extended interviews, their own real-time observations, and hours of video footage, they focus on how teachers embody their lessons: how they use their hands to gesture, comfort, or discipline; how they direct their posture, gaze, or physical location to indicate degrees of attention; and how they use the tone of their voice to communicate empathy, frustration, disapproval, or enthusiasm. Comparing teachers across schools and over time, they offer an illuminating analysis of the gestures that comprise a total body language, something that, while hardly ever explicitly discussed, the teachers all share to a remarkable degree. Showcasing the tremendous importance of—and dearth of attention to—this body language, they offer a powerful new inroad into educational study and practice, a deeper understanding of how teaching actually works, no matter what culture or country it is being practiced in.

This monograph presents the current views, challenges and future needs of educators from a global online exchange where educators and researchers discuss the 21st century skills needed by students and teachers. The three editors, who participated in the global online research discussion group, also assumed the role of authors to summarise, analyse and celebrate the myriad of ideas generated in a topic thread that had well over a thousand responses from 26 countries. Through Comparative Analysis they then compared the posters’ ideas to some current big thinkers in education. This text promotes teachers’ voices from diverse disciplines and sectors who are united in their desire for purposeful and radical change in how teaching is carried out and what is taught. The text advocates shifting power away from government control and standardisation towards empowering teachers to guide and further develop the unique talents of diverse individuals.

Accumulated research findings in past decades have led to the common knowledge that teachers’ professional knowledge is essential to effective classroom instruction. However, there is still very limited understanding about the nature of teachers’ expertise in mathematics instruction. Expertise in Mathematics Instruction addresses this need clearly and concisely. In particular, it examines all aspects of emphases employed to characterize the nature of expertise in mathematics instruction from both researchers’ and practitioners’ perspectives. Moreover, with research contributions from both the East and the West, this book also examines ideas pertinent to fostering and demonstrating expertise in mathematics instruction within different system contexts. This book will raise questions and issues for mathematics education researchers to guide a critical examination of what can be learned from other education systems. Expertise in Mathematics Instruction builds on its theoretical and methodological approach with contributions from international experts in the field. Additionally, a review of related research from mathematics education serves as an introduction to the new research in both Eastern and Western settings. Concluding this resource is a reflection on the benefits of this international collaboration and possible research directions for the future. The final chapter cohesively joins traditional and current research for action. Expertise in Mathematics Instruction is of interest to researchers in mathematics education, mathematics teacher educators, and mathematics educators.

More than ever, we need inspired and inspiring teachers and school leaders. Yet their status and morale have never been lower.Restoring the pride, focus and community perception of our educators is now a national imperative that involves cultivating a positive account of teaching expertise in every Australian school.The future of a respected teaching workforce lies in a brave, new frontier of work. It starts with applying the principles of Restorative Practices to the contemporary school context - creatively and practically.It's about doing teaching as we've never done it before.Restorative teaching that restores our teachers is a noble, worthy and overdue cause. The time is now, and the place is your school.In this book, you will find the case for change and some inconvenient truths about our avoidance of meaningful transformation within our schools. You'll also find a roadmap to a teaching future that narrows the gap between your purpose and your practice.

The United States and China: two nations drastically different in demographics, history, political structures, and education systems. Despite these differences, educators in each country have discovered they have much to learn from one another. The United States looks east and is captivated by the high assessment scores that many Chinese students achieve. China looks west and is enamored with how the United States fosters innovation and creativity in students. Teachers are increasingly looking across borders to expand, adapt, and offer their students a more balanced education. West Meets East is based on the fundamental premise that strong teaching is at the heart of educational quality and that we all benefit from understanding the practices and professional thinking of exemplary teachers. With this in mind, Grant and her colleagues set out to discover which beliefs and strategies of effective teachers can cross the cultural divide and help students in each nation make breakthrough advances. As educators, it's important to understand that even though we're setting new goals and improving outcomes, excellence is a moving target. In the globally connected 21st century, educational innovations in one country can reset the bar for students around the world. Only by learning from one another can we be sure all our students remain competitive and successful.