A guide that tackles this vital financial instrument from a practical as well as legal perspective. Augmented with numerous real life cases, the book addresses the exact procedures undertaken by global banks in handling standby letters of credit transactions whilst providing an article by article interpretation of the ISP98

The Trade and Receivables Finance Companion: A Collection of Case Studies and Solutions is based on the author’s personal experience gained through more than 40 years in the field of trade finance. This Companion applies the techniques described in his first volume, Trade and Receivables Finance: A Practical Guide to Risk Evaluation and Structuring to an extensive range of international trade scenarios. Practical solutions are discussed and presented through a specially selected collection of more than 20 case studies. These books provide an unrivalled and highly practical set of manuals for the trade and receivables financier. The reader is taken on a journey from the structuring of trade products including collections, import and export letters of credit, back to back credits, guarantees and standby credits to fully and partially structured financing solutions for the importer, manufacturer, distributor, middle-party and exporter. Each funding technique provides a compelling alternative to an overdraft. The case studies include the risk assessment and financing of open account payables, stock and receivables transactions and the evaluation and use of credit insurance as a supporting tool. The structuring of commodity finance across the trade cycle, to include warehousing, and call-off is also described. Many of the chapters contain a summary ‘keynote’ overview and comprehensive ‘deal sheet’ extracts of the chosen solution detailing facility and operational requirements.

The 21st century has witnessed swift change in every sphere of the human endeavour. Regulatory re-alignment, digitalisation and economic and political developments have contributed to paradigm shift in banking, trade, finance and the shipping industry virtually transforming the landscape. International Trade Finance is an essential tool for bankers, exporters/importers, shippers, consultants, teachers and students navigating the procedures of international trade finance. The book addresses basic topics relating to international trade including letters of credit mechanism, collections of bills, trade customs and practice. New to this revised edition, it covers SWIFT updates, supply chain system, UKEF, Blockchain technologies, the implications of BREXIT, NAFTA, Mexico, Canada and other bilateral agreements and their implications, the US sanctions, terrorist financing and anti-money laundering provisions, and a check list to control financial crime risks in trade finance. The extended metaphor of the book is that of an arm chair tour covering fundamentals to the nuances of the hard core of the subject matter and enabling the readers to deal with complicated implementation issues in a forthright and comprehensive fashion.

The Law of Letters of Credit - Commercial and Standby Credits is the fourth edition of a traditional treatise on a rather narrow legal subject. Letters of credit fall into two categories: (1) commercials, which find use in international sales; and (2) standbys that are a common device in many domestic transactions. As international trade becomes more and more rationalized, the use of commercials has diminished; but the use of the standby has enjoyed something of a boom, for it accomplishes much that security interests, suretyship arrangements, and other credit enhancing devices accomplish and does it with significantly lower transaction costs. Regrettably, the parties using letters of credit often are unaware of the credit's legal significance. This treatise covers the legal features of the commercial and the standby, all in a global context. While it is codified to some extent in the Uniform Commercial Code, the law of letters of credit is largely the law merchant, the ius gentium; and the UCC defers in many respects to international rules. Thus, the treatise deals with those international rules and cites cases from virtually all of the common-law jurisdictions in an effort to provide complete coverage of the field.

A number of practical implications and issues can arise in the daily functioning of independent (first demand) guarantees and standby letters of credit. Bank Guarantees in International Trade provides a comprehensive, highly readable study of the legal and practical aspects and implications of these instruments, broadening the reader's understanding of the law on the subject. This work comprises all reported case law from the Netherlands, Germany, France, The United Kingdom, and Belgium and also takes into account the law in certain other European countries And The United States. it examines the governing law of bank guarantees in numerous regions, particularly within the Middle East and North Africa. The Appendix includes, among other materials, The text of the 1992 ICC Uniform Rules for Demand Guarantees, The 1995 UNCITRAL Convention, and many sample texts. Its transnational perspective enhances the value of this work, making it useful in other jurisdictions. This second edition contains thoroughly revised, updated, and amended material which reflects new developments in the law and changing patterns in practice and accounts For The introduction of new techniques and problem areas. Bankers and lawyers in particular will find Bank Guarantees in International Trade an insightful and informative work.

The objective of Off-Balance Sheet Activities is to gain insights into, and propose meaningful solutions to, those issues raised by the current proliferation of off-balance sheet transactions. The book has its origins in a New York University conference that focused on this topic. Jointly undertaken by the Vincent C. Ross Institute of Accounting Research and New York University's Salomon Center for the study of Financial Institutions at the Stern School of Business, the conference brought together academic researchers and practitioners in the field of accounting and finance to address the issues with the broad-mindedness requisite of a group whose approaches to solutions are as different from each other as their respectively theoretical and applied approaches to the disciplines of finance and accounting. The essays are divided into two sections. The first covers issues surrounding OBS activities and banking and begins with a brief introduction that places the essays into context. OBS activities and the underinvestment problem, whether loan sales are really OBS, and money demand and OBS liquidity are examined in detail. Section two, which also begins with a brief introduction, focuses on issues of securitized assets and financing. A report on recognition and measurement issues in accounting for securitized assets is followed by three separate discussion essays. Other subjects covered include contract theoretic analysis of OBS financing, the use of OBS financing to circumvent financial covenant restrictions, and debt contracting and financial contracting. The latter two contributions are also followed by discussion essays. This unique collection of papers will prove to be an interesting and valuable tool for accounting and finance professionals as well as for academics involved in these fields. It will also be an important addition to public, college, and university libraries.

In the civilised world there are enough raw materials, machinery, labour and scientific knowledge to satisfy the needs of all the inhabitants. Poverty and hunger exist because people have not enough money to buy all the output of modern civilisation at a fair price to the producers. When there is a shortage of anything the most obvious remedy is to create some more and there is no real difficulty in creating more money. PROMISE TO PAY shows how this should be done when money is backed by goods and services. The creation of money should be in the hands of the State or Head of Government and not in the hands of private banking. The state would issue sufficient money to enable the buying power to keep pace with production. Paper money issued by banks is not real money but "Promise to Pay" money and the amount in circulation bears little relation to the amount of goods and services available. When there is less money than goods, people go short of food and clothes. When there is more money than goods prices rise and people pay more and more for less and less.