This report explains the process involved when proceeding from a wetland mitigation design concept to a fill' engineering package that is suitable for public bid and advertisement The information provided is geared toward educating nonengineering professionals engaged in developing wetland mitigation specifications The biological foundations for the various elements are first presented, followed by full guideline specifications. The vegetation specifications address site preparation, plant material acquisition, transport, handling, and storage of seeds, herbs, and saplings, planting methods for various stock types, different seeding methods, tiring of planting in conjunction with seasonal variations, hydrological considerations such as tidal cycle, water level and rainfall patterns, equipment access and type, protection measures for herbivory, inundation and vandalism, fertilization and amendrnent application, soil-nutrient testing, substrate handling, trppsport, and storage and minimization of impacts on existing wetland resources. The subgrade specifications target construction methods and equipment, soil-material testing, and performance. The other soil-related specifications quarantine and safeguard existing resources such as friable surface soils and wetland topsoils that can be used to "seed" a site.

Provides a clear, practical template for specifying landscape soils based on scientific criteria.

There is a growing evidence base that documents the social, environmental and economic benefits that urban trees can deliver. Trees are, however, under threat today as never before due to competition for space imposed by development, other hard infrastructures, increased pressure on the availability of financial provision from local authorities and a highly cautious approach to risk management in a modern litigious society. It is, therefore, incumbent upon all of us in construction and urban design disciplines to pursue a set of goals that not only preserve existing trees where we can, but also ensure that new plantings are appropriately specified and detailed to enable their successful establishment and growth to productive maturity. Aimed at developers, urban planners, urban designers, landscape architects and arboriculturists, this book takes a candid look at the benefits that trees provide alongside the threats that are eliminating them from our towns and cities. It takes a simple, applied approach that explores a combination of science and practical experience to help ensure a pragmatic and reasoned approach to decision-making in terms of tree selection, specification, placement and establishment. In this way, trees can successfully be incorporated within our urban landscapes, so that we can continue to reap the benefits they provide.