The Second Edition of this text continues to build on the three aspects of the language discussed in the previous edition—vocabulary, grammar and idioms. Divided into two parts—Part One: Vocabulary and Part Two: Grammar —the book in Part One deals with ‘Words Often Confused’, ‘Indianisms’, ‘Indian Coinages’, ‘Idioms’, and ‘Archaisms’. Part Two takes up those areas of grammar in which divergences from Standard English are very common—articles, prepositions, tenses, verb patterns, and so on. The emphasis in the Grammar section is not so much on form as on usage. The comments on each divergent item include its Standard English equivalent (and sometimes its origin as well), together with the author’s opinion on whether the item should be retained at least within the country. With such contents and features, the book should prove very valuable to a large cross-section of the educated population—students, English teachers, professionals and businessmen. WHAT’S NEW TO THE EDITION : In Chapter 3, new items on ‘balance’/‘change’ and ‘marketing’/‘shopping’ are added. Additional examples have been provided for dependent questions in Chapter 11. Explanations and comments have been made clear at many places and a few items transferred to places where they seemed to fit in better.

This is the first comprehensive description of Indian English and its emerging regional standard in a corpus-linguistic framework. Drawing on a wealth of authentic spoken and written data from India (including the Kolhapur Corpus and the International Corpus of English), this book explores the dynamics of variation and change in the vocabulary and grammar of contemporary Indian English.

This book is a descriptive account of English as it is used in India. Indian English is a second language to most of its speakers. In its 400-year history it has acquired its own character, yet still looks to native varieties of English for norms. The complex nature of Indian English, which is not really a monolithic entity, is discussed in this book. The book also makes a distinction between what are considered to be standard and non-standard varieties, and provides an overview of the salient features. Indian English includes: * A discussion of the sociolinguistic and cultural factors* The history of the establishment of English in India, bringing it up to modern times* A description of the linguistic aspects: phonetics and phonology, lexical, discourse and morphosyntactic features* Samples of written English from a range of contexts* Samples of speech* An annotated bibliography divided according to topic.

Today, English Language Teaching (ELT), especially English as a Second Language (ESL) and English as a Foreign Language (EFL), has been witnessing unprecedented changes in curriculum, teaching methodology, and the application of learning theories. This has created a demand for teachers who can teach English to learners of varied cultural, socio-economic and psychological backgrounds. This book discusses the modern trends, innovations, as well as the difficulties and challenges in teaching and learning ESL in a non-native context. The book, with contributions from many experts (each one specializing in a particular field) from countries such as UK, USA, Australia, New Zealand, India, Nigeria, Sri Lanka, China, and Japan, provides new methods, strategies and application-oriented solutions to overcome the problems in a practical way. The book deals with all topics pertinent to ESL and these are reinforced by a large number of examples and quotations from different sources. What distinguishes the text is its focus on modern innovations and use of technology in ELT/CLT (communicative language teaching). Teachers, teacher-trainees (B.Ed./M.A. Education/M.Ed.), and teacher-educators who are concerned with teaching English as a Second Language (ESL) should find this book immensely helpful.

American Indian English documents and examines the diversity of English in American Indian speech communities. It presents a convincing case for the fundamental influence of ancestral American Indian languages and cultures on spoken and written expression in different Indian English codes. A distillation of over twenty years' research, this pioneering work explores the linguistic and sociolinguistic characteristics of English language use among members of Navajo, Hopi, Mojave, Ute, Tsimshian, Kotzebue, Ponca, Pima, Lakota, Cheyenne, Laguna, Santa Ana, Isleta, Chilcotin, Seminole, Cherokee, and other American Indian tribes. American Indian English fills numerous gaps in existing studies of language histories, Indian student school experience, Indian-white contact, and "acculturation." Unlike contemporary studies on schooling, ethnicity, empowerment, and educational failure, American Indian English avoids postmodernist jargon and discourse strategies in favor of direct description and commentary. Data are derived from conditions of real-life experience faced by speakers of Indian English in various English-speaking settings. This practical focus enhances the book's accessibility to Indian educators and community-based teachers, as well as non-Indian academics.

This book investigates the connections between evaluative judgements on language and the larger social, cultural, and political issues that shed light on the practice of prescriptivism. The chapters cover three main areas: language, which represents the traditional roots of the study of linguistic norms in authoritative (historical) manuals and judgemental attitudes to language usage; literary and scripted texts, which illustrates the enregisterment of the values of linguistic prescriptivism as a social and cultural phenomenon; and speech communities, which reflects the growth in scope of the field to consider geographical contexts beyond mainstream British and American English to include varieties of English and other languages worldwide. The book also discusses recent theoretical and methodological advances in the study of prescriptivism.

English fulfils important intra- and international functions in 21st century India. However, the country's size in terms of area, population, and linguistic diversity means that completely uniform developments in Indian English (IndE) are unlikely. Using sophisticated corpus-linguistic and statistical methods, this Element explores the unity and diversity of IndE by providing studies of selected lexical and morphosyntactic features that characterise Indian English(es) in the 21st century. The findings indicate a degree of incipient 'supralocalisation', i.e. a spread of features beyond their place of origin, cutting through the typological Indo-Aryan vs. Dravidian divide.

This book encapsulates the various discourses that try to theorise the evolution of English as a global language from the perspectives of history, geography and individual proficiency. It discusses the status of English in post-colonial India, where it has coexisted with native languages in a multilingual scenario for almost three hundred years and has developed into a form with its own distinct lexical, phonological, morpho-syntactical and discourse features. This indigenized form of English has come to be recognized as Indian English. While many linguists argue that Indian English is a distinct variety with its own standardized form, others do not quite agree. While the advocates of Standard Indian English have argued in favour of recognition of Standard Indian English in Indian pedagogy, others regard Indian English as suitable only for informal usage. Through a survey conducted among those who are closely related to the English language in India, this book examines the acceptability of Standard Indian English usage, and, using an attitudinal survey, gauges their opinion vis-à-vis the idea of forming a pedagogical model for teaching English in the Indian context.