Reduction and Mechanism

Reduction and Mechanism
Author :
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
Total Pages : 140
Release :
ISBN-10 : 9781108605113
ISBN-13 : 1108605117
Rating : 4/5 (13 Downloads)

Synopsis Reduction and Mechanism by : Alex Rosenberg

Reductionism is a widely endorsed methodology among biologists, a metaphysical theory advanced to vindicate the biologist's methodology, and an epistemic thesis those opposed to reductionism have been eager to refute. While the methodology has gone from strength to strength in its history of achievements, the metaphysical thesis grounding it remained controversial despite its significant changes over the last 75 years of the philosophy of science. Meanwhile, antireductionism about biology, and especially Darwinian natural selection, became orthodoxy in philosophy of mind, philosophy of science, and philosophy of biology. This Element expounds the debate about reductionism in biology, from the work of the post-positivists to the end of the century debates about supervenience, multiple realizability, and explanatory exclusion. It shows how the more widely accepted 21st century doctrine of 'mechanism' - reductionism with a human face - inherits both the strengths and the challenges of the view it has largely supplanted.

Electrochemical Reactions and Mechanisms in Organic Chemistry

Electrochemical Reactions and Mechanisms in Organic Chemistry
Author :
Publisher : Elsevier
Total Pages : 415
Release :
ISBN-10 : 9780080530727
ISBN-13 : 0080530729
Rating : 4/5 (27 Downloads)

Synopsis Electrochemical Reactions and Mechanisms in Organic Chemistry by : J. Grimshaw

Electrochemical reactions make significant contributions to organic synthesis either in the laboratory or on an industrial scale. These methods have the potential for developing more "green" chemical synthesis. Over recent years, modern investigations have clarified the mechanisms of important organic electrochemical reactions. Progress has also been made in controlling the reactivity of intermediates through either radical or ionic pathways. Now is the time to gather all the electrochemical work into a textbook.As an essential addition to the armory of synthetic organic chemists, electrochemical reactions give results not easily achieved by many other chemical routes. This book presents a logical development of reactions and mechanisms in organic electrochemistry at a level suited to research scientists and final year graduate students. It forms an excellent starting point from which synthetic organic chemists, in both academia and industry, can appreciate uses for electrochemical methods in their own work. The book is also a reference guide to the literature.

Mechanism and Causality in Biology and Economics

Mechanism and Causality in Biology and Economics
Author :
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
Total Pages : 256
Release :
ISBN-10 : 9789400724549
ISBN-13 : 9400724543
Rating : 4/5 (49 Downloads)

Synopsis Mechanism and Causality in Biology and Economics by : Hsiang-Ke Chao

This volume addresses fundamental issues in the philosophy of science in the context of two most intriguing fields: biology and economics. Written by authorities and experts in the philosophy of biology and economics, Mechanism and Causality in Biology and Economics provides a structured study of the concepts of mechanism and causality in these disciplines and draws careful juxtapositions between philosophical apparatus and scientific practice. By exploring the issues that are most salient to the contemporary philosophies of biology and economics and by presenting comparative analyses, the book serves as a platform not only for gaining mutual understanding between scientists and philosophers of the life sciences and those of the social sciences, but also for sharing interdisciplinary research that combines both philosophical concepts in both fields. The book begins by defining the concepts of mechanism and causality in biology and economics, respectively. The second and third parts investigate philosophical perspectives of various causal and mechanistic issues in scientific practice in the two fields. These two sections include chapters on causal issues in the theory of evolution; experiments and scientific discovery; representation of causal relations and mechanism by models in economics. The concluding section presents interdisciplinary studies of various topics concerning extrapolation of life sciences and social sciences, including chapters on the philosophical investigation of conjoining biological and economic analyses with, respectively, demography, medicine and sociology.

Reduced Kinetic Mechanisms for Applications in Combustion Systems

Reduced Kinetic Mechanisms for Applications in Combustion Systems
Author :
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
Total Pages : 364
Release :
ISBN-10 : 9783540475439
ISBN-13 : 3540475435
Rating : 4/5 (39 Downloads)

Synopsis Reduced Kinetic Mechanisms for Applications in Combustion Systems by : Norbert Peters

In general, combustion is a spatially three-dimensional, highly complex physi co-chemical process oftransient nature. Models are therefore needed that sim to such a degree that it becomes amenable plify a given combustion problem to theoretical or numerical analysis but that are not so restrictive as to distort the underlying physics or chemistry. In particular, in view of worldwide efforts to conserve energy and to control pollutant formation, models of combustion chemistry are needed that are sufficiently accurate to allow confident predic tions of flame structures. Reduced kinetic mechanisms, which are the topic of the present book, represent such combustion-chemistry models. Historically combustion chemistry was first described as a global one-step reaction in which fuel and oxidizer react to form a single product. Even when detailed mechanisms ofelementary reactions became available, empirical one step kinetic approximations were needed in order to make problems amenable to theoretical analysis. This situation began to change inthe early 1970s when computing facilities became more powerful and more widely available, thereby facilitating numerical analysis of relatively simple combustion problems, typi cally steady one-dimensional flames, with moderately detailed mechanisms of elementary reactions. However, even on the fastest and most powerful com puters available today, numerical simulations of, say, laminar, steady, three dimensional reacting flows with reasonably detailed and hence realistic ki netic mechanisms of elementary reactions are not possible.

Oxidizing and Reducing Agents

Oxidizing and Reducing Agents
Author :
Publisher : Handbook of Reagents for Organ
Total Pages : 576
Release :
ISBN-10 : UCSC:32106015442160
ISBN-13 :
Rating : 4/5 (60 Downloads)

Synopsis Oxidizing and Reducing Agents by : Steven D. Burke

Oxidizing and Reducing Agents S. D. Burke University of Wisconsin at Madison, USA R. L. Danheiser Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, USA Recognising the critical need for bringing a handy reference work that deals with the most popular reagents in synthesis to the laboratory of practising organic chemists, the Editors of the acclaimed Encyclopedia of Reagents for Organic Synthesis (EROS) have selected the most important and useful reagents employed in contemporary organic synthesis. Handbook of Reagents for Organic Synthesis: Oxidizing and Reducing Agents, provides the synthetic chemist with a convenient compendium of information concentrating on the most important and frequently employed reagents for the oxidation and reduction of organic compounds, extracted and updated from EROS. The inclusion of a bibliography of reviews and monographs, a compilation of Organic Syntheses procedures with tested experimental details and references to oxidizing and reducing agents will ensure that this handbook is both comprehensive and convenient.

Low-temperature Combustion and Autoignition

Low-temperature Combustion and Autoignition
Author :
Publisher : Elsevier
Total Pages : 823
Release :
ISBN-10 : 9780080535654
ISBN-13 : 0080535658
Rating : 4/5 (54 Downloads)

Synopsis Low-temperature Combustion and Autoignition by : M.J. Pilling

Combustion has played a central role in the development of our civilization which it maintains today as its predominant source of energy. The aim of this book is to provide an understanding of both fundamental and applied aspects of low-temperature combustion chemistry and autoignition. The topic is rooted in classical observational science and has grown, through an increasing understanding of the linkage of the phenomenology to coupled chemical reactions, to quite profound advances in the chemical kinetics of both complex and elementary reactions. The driving force has been both the intrinsic interest of an old and intriguing phenomenon and the centrality of its applications to our economic prosperity. The volume provides a coherent view of the subject while, at the same time, each chapter is self-contained.

Vanguard Satellite Spin-reduction Mechanism

Vanguard Satellite Spin-reduction Mechanism
Author :
Publisher :
Total Pages : 32
Release :
ISBN-10 : NASA:31769000456940
ISBN-13 :
Rating : 4/5 (40 Downloads)

Synopsis Vanguard Satellite Spin-reduction Mechanism by : Robert C. Baumann

The Cloud Cover Satellite flown in Vanguard vehicles SLV-3 and SLV-4 required a spin rate of 55 r.p.m. when entering orbit. Since the third-stage rocket was spin-stabilized in flight, and because other considerations required that the satellite remain attached long enough to acquire more than the desired 55 r.p.m., a satellite spin-reduction mechanism was developed. Although the mechanisms functioned properly in both flights, the desired spin rate was not achieved owing to uncontrollable flight effects. These effects make the prediction of satellite spin rates after a long pre-separation coasting period extremely difficult. To meet future requirements a control system is needed which can orient a payload according to a predetermined scheme and maintain that orientation for the desired period.

Lung Volume Reduction Surgery

Lung Volume Reduction Surgery
Author :
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
Total Pages : 247
Release :
ISBN-10 : 9781592591213
ISBN-13 : 1592591213
Rating : 4/5 (13 Downloads)

Synopsis Lung Volume Reduction Surgery by : Michael Argenziano

A panel of recognized authorities comprehensively review the medical, surgical, and pathophysiologic issues relevant to lung volume reduction surgery for emphysema. Topics range from the open technique and video-assisted thoracoscopic approaches to LVRS, to anesthetic management, to perioperative and nursing care of the patient. The experts also detail the selection of candidates for LVRS, the clinical results and clinical trials in LVRS, and the effects of LVRS on survival rates.

Transport and Transformation of Contaminants Near the Sediment-Water Interface

Transport and Transformation of Contaminants Near the Sediment-Water Interface
Author :
Publisher : CRC Press
Total Pages : 372
Release :
ISBN-10 : 0873718879
ISBN-13 : 9780873718875
Rating : 4/5 (79 Downloads)

Synopsis Transport and Transformation of Contaminants Near the Sediment-Water Interface by : Joseph V. DePinto

Transport and Transformation of Contaminants Near the Sediment-Water Interface addresses the issue of contaminated bottom sediments and their potential adverse impacts on water quality. This state-of-the-science book covers regulatory management perspectives, physical processes, chemical and biological processes, and process synthesis/modeling. Specific topics discussed include EPA's Sediment Quality Criteria program from a regulatory perspective; flocculation, deposition, and resuspension of fine-grained sediments; approaches for measuring vertical sediment flux near the sediment-water interface; equilibrium models for metal speciation in natural sediments; the partitioning of organic chemicals in bottom sediments; and the development and application of models of sediment and associated contaminant transport in surface waters. The significance of recent studies suggesting that interaction of contaminated bottom sediments with the overlying water play an important role in the long-term recovery of aquatic systems makes Transport and Transformation of Contaminants Near the Sediment-Water Interface essential for water quality engineers, environmental chemists, and environmental toxicologists. The volume provides important information for consultants, regulators, researchers, and graduate students as well.