Over the years, the response of international law to trafficking has witnessed several reforms. The last of these, adopted in 2000, has been quite influential on the reformation and the adoption of trafficking regulations within the EU and its Member States. However, legislating against trafficking within the EU almost a century after international law first addressed the phenomenon indicates the questionable commanding force of the later. In the area of sex trafficking, prostitution on the other hand, with a debatable role in perpetuating sex trafficking, received earlier recognition within national laws than the unanimously accepted crime of trafficking. This implies a higher EU interest in prostitution than in trafficking. Yet the underlying problem usurping prostitution debates seems to be a dead letter. This book argues that it is not only?what law? that matters, but also?who makes the law.? It will show how institutional changes affect the composites of trafficking in the EU. The presentation of EU treaties and legal trafficking instruments is in chronological order to provide a better illustration of how the EU?s regulations have improved over time.

The phenomenon of trafficking in women for sexual exploitation, which in the last decade has changed from a marginal 'non-issue' to a legitimate concern in many parts of the world, has become familiar through newspaper coverage, and now, finally, legislators and law enforcement agencies have begun to act. In Europe many EU Member States now have (or are developing) at least some sort of anti-trafficking policies (with some of them in the forefront of global anti-trafficking efforts). Moreover, the EU itself has become markedly more active with regard to curbing trafficking in human beings, as part of its migration control and police and judicial co-operation functions. However, even co-ordinated efforts such as those being worked on by the EU tend to produce only short-term 'cures' to a problem that is in truth global and structural in nature and which cannot be eradicated - or necessarily even significantly reduced - through policing and migration control measures alone. Too often there is little debate on broader measures which might be targeted to address the 'root causes' of trafficking, such as poverty, under-development, general lack of economic and migration opportunities and, above all, gender inequality. Against this background, this book deals with present efforts to control trafficking in women for sexual exploitation. In doing so it examines claims that what is needed effectively to prevent and tackle trafficking is a 'comprehensive' approach, and at the very least one that is far more wide-ranging and coherent than what exists today, and also analyses the assertion that destination countries, and more specifically Member States of the EU, could and perhaps should, take more action against trafficking through regional co-operation, particularly in the framework of the EU, rather than as individual Member States. The book will be of interest to a wide range of scholars in EU law, human rights, comparative law, sociology, feminist theory and politics, as well as policy-makers, practitioners and NGO activists in various European countries.

Trafficking in human beings has become a major international concern in the last two decades. Trafficking has been subjected to intense political debate and ambitious legal regulation on international, regional and national levels. Although much has been done to eradicate trafficking and to protect the victims, an increasing number of critical voices are emerging: the efforts to deal with human trafficking have proved to be more ineffective than anticipated. This book seeks explanations to why anti-trafficking strategies and activities appear to be so futile, and what should be done better for them to achieve their goals with more success. Besides the academic audience, this study is written for legal practitioners, who might come across human trafficking in their work.

Human trafficking is a crime that undermines fundamental human rights and a broader sense of global order. It is an atrocity that transcends borders—with some regions known as exporters of trafficking victims and others recognized as destination countries. Edited by three global experts and composed of the work of an esteemed panel of contributors, Human Trafficking: Exploring the International Nature, Concerns, and Complexities examines techniques used to protect and support victims of trafficking as well as strategies for prosecution of offenders. Topics discussed include: How data on human trafficking should be collected and analyzed, and how data collection can be improved through proper contextualization The importance of harmonization and consistency in legal definitions and interpretations within and among regions The need for increased exchange of information and cooperation between the various actors involved in combating human trafficking, including investigators, law enforcement and criminal justice professionals, and social workers Problems with victim identification, as well as erroneous assumptions of the scope of victimization Controversy over linking protection measures with cooperation with authorities Highlighting the issues most addressed by contemporary scholars, researchers, practitioners, and policy-makers, this volume also suggests areas ripe for further inquiry and investigation. Supplemented by discussion questions in each chapter, the book is sure to stimulate debate on a troubling phenomenon.

Drawing on empirical research conducted with police in the UK and Romania, Child Trafficking in the EU explores the way in which the ‘who’ and ‘how’ we police and protect as trafficker and trafficked is related to Western notions of innocence, guilt, childhood, and of the status of ‘deserving’ victim. This book progresses a new theoretical space by linking its analysis to sociologies of mobility, marginalisation and the pluralised rendering of criminalised and victimised ‘others’. This book explores core contextual themes surrounding the commission, response to and origins of child trafficking, and presents empirical research into the investigation of child trafficking within the EU, situating the authors’ findings against broader social, cultural, political, policy and judicial contexts. The authors conclude with a synthetisation of the key themes and arguments to situate pan-EU child trafficking within political, criminal justice, organisational, cultural, and social contexts, and consider the degree to which such criminality can be can adequately addressed by current and emerging approaches given such enduring and persistent structural issues. This book will be of interest to scholars and students within the fields of criminology, sociology, political science and law, as well as a key resource for practitioners and activists.

This books demonstrates the difficulty of protecting victims of human trafficking from being held liable for crimes they were compelled to commit in the course, or as a consequence, of being trafficked, under current European law. The legislation remains vague and potentially inadequate to recognise victimhood, safeguard the human rights of victims, and avoid further victimisation. Muraszkiewicz explains how the non-liability principle is rooted in criminal and human rights law, and proposes a more efficient provision and framework which would protect trafficked persons, and do better to encourage victims to act as witnesses in criminal proceedings against the perpetrators. In doing so the book will provide relevant stakeholders, including policy makers and law enforcement authorities, with a better understanding of the non-liability principle and how it ought to be used in practice.

Human trafficking is an extreme example of social injustice, perpetuated by dominant/subordinate attitudes that condone violence, resulting in significant suffering for individuals and harm to societies. This book is a comprehensive study of the challenges facing service providers who work with trafficked victims of sexual exploitation in northern Germany. The results are discussed from the perspective of the Relational Cultural Theory, as well as from the Sexual-Racial Contract Theory. The insights offer a vital gateway to sustainable social change and social justice to help end human trafficking. (Series: Gender Discussion / Gender-Diskussion - Vol. 15)

Human trafficking is a serious human rights violation that leads to the gross exploitation of its victims, who are coerced into forced labor and slavery across the globe. As the current migration movement and refugee situation reaches crisis point in Europe, the risk of human trafficking from the Mediterranean Sea through Italy into Central and Western Europe has become a critical emergency. Focusing on human trafficking along this route into Europe, this book discusses the systematic exploitation of victims and the subsequent violation of human rights within an international context, providing an overview of the causes, regulation and prevention of the issue. Academic researchers, practitioners and policy-makers are brought together to provide both theoretical perspectives and practice-based approaches for addressing the issue of human trafficking. As well as scholarly contributions from experts in the field, the book also includes experiences and strategies of policy-makers and practitioners from governmental and non-governmental organizations, along with the real-life scenarios and practice reports. Human Trafficking and Exploitation should be considered essential reading for academics, policy-makers, advocates and activists interested in preventing human trafficking and protecting human rights. It will also be of interest to those with research interests within the broader themes of law, politics and international relations and social and health policy.

The 2020 UNODC Global Report on Trafficking in Persons is the fifth of its kind mandated by the General Assembly through the 2010 United Nations Global Plan of Action to Combat Trafficking in Persons. It covers more than 130 countries and provides an overview of patterns and flows of trafficking in persons at global, regional and national levels, based primarily on trafficking cases detected between 2017 and 2019. As UNODC has been systematically collecting data on trafficking in persons for more than a decade, trend information is presented for a broad range of indicators.