Salvation or Annihilation? A strange artifact has been discovered on a distant planet, an artifact that may be the key to humanity's salvation. For we at war with the Fallers, an alien race bent on nothing short of genocide, and this is a war we are losing. The artifact is not only a powerful weapon, but possibly the rosetta stone to a lost superscience . . . a superscience that the Fallers may have already decoded. Or it may be a doomsday machine that could destroy the very fabric of space. At the Publisher's request, this title is being sold without Digital Rights Management Software (DRM) applied.

The Twentieth Century has seen a dramatic rise in the use of probability and statistics in almost all fields of research. This has stimulated many new philosophical ideas on probability. Philosophical Theories of Probability is the first book to present a clear, comprehensive and systematic account of these various theories and to explain how they relate to one another. Gillies also offers a distinctive version of the propensity theory of probability, and the intersubjective interpretation, which develops the subjective theory.

This work presents the basic concepts of probability to philosophy students who are new to this area of the subject.

The term probability can be used in two main senses. In the frequency interpretation it is a limiting ratio in a sequence of repeatable events. In the Bayesian view, probability is a mental construct representing uncertainty. This 2002 book is about these two types of probability and investigates how, despite being adopted by scientists and statisticians in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, Bayesianism was discredited as a theory of scientific inference during the 1920s and 1930s. Through the examination of a dispute between two British scientists, the author argues that a choice between the two interpretations is not forced by pure logic or the mathematics of the situation, but depends on the experiences and aims of the individuals involved. The book should be of interest to students and scientists interested in statistics and probability theories and to general readers with an interest in the history, sociology and philosophy of science.

From classical foundations to modern theory, this comprehensive guide to probability interweaves mathematical proofs, historical context and detailed illustrative applications.

"This is a valuable reference guide for readers interested in gaining a basic understanding of probability theory or its applications in problem solving in the other disciplines." —CHOICE Providing cutting-edge perspectives and real-world insights into the greater utility of probability and its applications, the Handbook of Probability offers an equal balance of theory and direct applications in a non-technical, yet comprehensive, format. Editor Tamás Rudas and the internationally-known contributors present the material in a manner so that researchers of various backgrounds can use the reference either as a primer for understanding basic probability theory or as a more advanced research tool for specific projects requiring a deeper understanding. The wide-ranging applications of probability presented make it useful for scholars who need to make interdisciplinary connections in their work. Key Features Contains contributions from the international who′s-who of probability across several disciplines Offers an equal balance of theory and applications Explains the most important concepts of probability theory in a non-technical yet comprehensive way Provides in-depth examples of recent applications in the social and behavioral sciences as well as education, business, and law Intended Audience This Handbook makes an ideal library purchase. In addition, this volume should also be of interest to individual scholars in the social and behavioral sciences.

What are your chances of dying on your next flight, being called for jury duty, or winning the lottery? We all encounter probability problems in our everyday lives. In this collection of twenty-one puzzles, Paul Nahin challenges us to think creatively about the laws of probability as they apply in playful, sometimes deceptive, ways to a fascinating array of speculative situations. Games of Russian roulette, problems involving the accumulation of insects on flypaper, and strategies for determining the odds of the underdog winning the World Series all reveal intriguing dimensions to the workings of probability. Over the years, Nahin, a veteran writer and teacher of the subject, has collected these and other favorite puzzles designed to instruct and entertain math enthusiasts of all backgrounds. If idiots A and B alternately take aim at each other with a six-shot revolver containing one bullet, what is the probability idiot A will win? What are the chances it will snow on your birthday in any given year? How can researchers use coin flipping and the laws of probability to obtain honest answers to embarrassing survey questions? The solutions are presented here in detail, and many contain a profound element of surprise. And some puzzles are beautiful illustrations of basic mathematical concepts: "The Blind Spider and the Fly," for example, is a clever variation of a "random walk" problem, and "Duelling Idiots" and "The Underdog and the World Series" are straightforward introductions to binomial distributions. Written in an informal way and containing a plethora of interesting historical material, Duelling Idiots is ideal for those who are fascinated by mathematics and the role it plays in everyday life and in our imaginations.

"The 4th edition of Ghahramani's book is replete with intriguing historical notes, insightful comments, and well-selected examples/exercises that, together, capture much of the essence of probability. Along with its Companion Website, the book is suitable as a primary resource for a first course in probability. Moreover, it has sufficient material for a sequel course introducing stochastic processes and stochastic simulation." --Nawaf Bou-Rabee, Associate Professor of Mathematics, Rutgers University Camden, USA "This book is an excellent primer on probability, with an incisive exposition to stochastic processes included as well. The flow of the text aids its readability, and the book is indeed a treasure trove of set and solved problems. Every sub-topic within a chapter is supplemented by a comprehensive list of exercises, accompanied frequently by self-quizzes, while each chapter ends with a useful summary and another rich collection of review problems." --Dalia Chakrabarty, Department of Mathematical Sciences, Loughborough University, UK "This textbook provides a thorough and rigorous treatment of fundamental probability, including both discrete and continuous cases. The book’s ample collection of exercises gives instructors and students a great deal of practice and tools to sharpen their understanding. Because the definitions, theorems, and examples are clearly labeled and easy to find, this book is not only a great course accompaniment, but an invaluable reference." --Joshua Stangle, Assistant Professor of Mathematics, University of Wisconsin – Superior, USA This one- or two-term calculus-based basic probability text is written for majors in mathematics, physical sciences, engineering, statistics, actuarial science, business and finance, operations research, and computer science. It presents probability in a natural way: through interesting and instructive examples and exercises that motivate the theory, definitions, theorems, and methodology. This book is mathematically rigorous and, at the same time, closely matches the historical development of probability. Whenever appropriate, historical remarks are included, and the 2096 examples and exercises have been carefully designed to arouse curiosity and hence encourage students to delve into the theory with enthusiasm. New to the Fourth Edition: 538 new examples and exercises have been added, almost all of which are of applied nature in realistic contexts Self-quizzes at the end of each section and self-tests at the end of each chapter allow students to check their comprehension of the material An all-new Companion Website includes additional examples, complementary topics not covered in the previous editions, and applications for more in-depth studies, as well as a test bank and figure slides. It also includes complete solutions to all self-test and self-quiz problems Saeed Ghahramani is Professor of Mathematics and Dean of the College of Arts and Sciences at Western New England University. He received his Ph.D. from the University of California at Berkeley in Mathematics and is a recipient of teaching awards from Johns Hopkins University and Towson University. His research focuses on applied probability, stochastic processes, and queuing theory.