The Unconventional Resource Plays consisting of the lowest tier of resources (large volumes and most difficult to develop) have been the main focus of US domestic activity during recent times. Horizontal well drilling and hydraulic fracturing completion technology have been primarily responsible for this paradigm shift. The concept of drainage volume is being examined using pressure diffusion along streamlines. We use diffusive time of flight to optimize the number of hydraulic fracture stages in horizontal well application for Tight Gas reservoirs. Numerous field case histories are available in literature for optimizing number of hydraulic fracture stages, although the conclusions are case specific. In contrast, a general method is being presented that can be used to augment field experiments necessary to optimize the number of hydraulic fracture stages. The optimization results for the tight gas example are in line with the results from economic analysis. The fluid flow simulation for Naturally Fractured Reservoirs (NFR) is performed by Dual-Permeability or Dual-Porosity formulations. Microseismic data from Barnett Shale well is used to characterize the hydraulic fracture geometry. Sensitivity analysis, uncertainty assessment, manual & computer assisted history matching are integrated to develop a comprehensive workflow for building reliable reservoir simulation models. We demonstrate that incorporating proper physics of flow is the first step in building reliable reservoir simulation models. Lack of proper physics often leads to unreasonable reservoir parameter estimates. The workflow demonstrates reduced non-uniqueness for the inverse history matching problem. The behavior of near-critical fluids in Liquid Rich Shale plays defies the production behavior observed in conventional reservoir systems. In conventional reservoirs an increased gas-oil ratio is observed as flowing bottom-hole pressure is less than the saturation pressure. The production behavior is examined by building a compositional simulation model on an Eagle Ford well. Extremely high pressure drop along the multiple transverse hydraulic fractures and high critical gas saturation are responsible for this production behavior. Integrating pore-scale flow modeling (such as Lattice Boltzmann) to the field-scale reservoir simulation may enable quantifying the effects of high capillary pressure and phase behavior alteration due to confinement in the nano-pore system. The electronic version of this dissertation is accessible from http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/149482

Well Production Performance Analysis for Shale Gas Reservoirs, Volume 66 presents tactics and discussions that are urgently needed by the petroleum community regarding unconventional oil and gas resources development and production. The book breaks down the mechanics of shale gas reservoirs and the use of mathematical models to analyze their performance. - Features an in-depth analysis of shale gas horizontal fractured wells and how they differ from their conventional counterparts - Includes detailed information on the testing of fractured horizontal wells before and after fracturing - Offers in-depth analysis of numerical simulation and the importance of this tool for the development of shale gas reservoirs

Unconventional Oil and Gas Resources Handbook: Evaluation and Development is a must-have, helpful handbook that brings a wealth of information to engineers and geoscientists. Bridging between subsurface and production, the handbook provides engineers and geoscientists with effective methodology to better define resources and reservoirs. Better reservoir knowledge and innovative technologies are making unconventional resources economically possible, and multidisciplinary approaches in evaluating these resources are critical to successful development. Unconventional Oil and Gas Resources Handbook takes this approach, covering a wide range of topics for developing these resources including exploration, evaluation, drilling, completion, and production. Topics include theory, methodology, and case histories and will help to improve the understanding,integrated evaluation, and effective development of unconventional resources. - Presents methods for a full development cycle of unconventional resources, from exploration through production - Explores multidisciplinary integrations for evaluation and development of unconventional resources and covers a broad range of reservoir characterization methods and development scenarios - Delivers balanced information with multiple contributors from both academia and industry - Provides case histories involving geological analysis, geomechanical analysis, reservoir modeling, hydraulic fracturing treatment, microseismic monitoring, well performance and refracturing for development of unconventional reservoirs

Bachelor Thesis from the year 2014 in the subject Engineering - Power Engineering, grade: A, University of Benin, course: Petroleum Engineering, language: English, abstract: Crude oil production is a major requirement to sustaining the well begins of any petroleum company. This will entail the effective placement of all facilities and equipment; surface or subsurface in order to achieve optimum volume of crude oil production, this is usually called production optimization. In this study, the software prosper was utilized to case study well J-12T Well J-12T, a natural producer was producing at its peak oil rate at 6137 STB/d at 0% water-cut by mid-1973 but since then production has been on the decline due to increasing water-cut and decreasing reservoir pressure. But to date, the well is producing at an oil rate of 1431 STB/d at a water-cut of 50%.The VLP/IPR data were matched to well test flow rate measurement with a deviation of about 0,0534%, thereafter a short and long term optimization plan scenarios such as sensitivity runs on the well head pressure, tubing sizes, and gas lift technique respectively etc for the well, were simulated in PROSPER and then evaluated. The results of this work suggests that; by lowering the Christmas tree pressure from 180 to 120psi the well’s life can be extended to 70% water-cut, also increasing the tubing size from 2,992" to 3,958" ID is also recommended. The gas lift method was found to be more economical as it can produce up to a maximum economic water cut of 90% with optimum gas injection rate of 3.3MMscf/d and oil production rates will increased from 1431 STB/d to about 3000 STB/d at 50% water-cut.

Analysis of well performance data can deliver decision-making solutions regarding field development, production optimization, and reserves evaluation. Well performance analysis involves the study of the measured response of a system, the reservoir in our case, in the form of production rates and flowing pressures. The Eagle Ford shale in South Texas is one of the most prolific shale plays in the United States. However, the ultra-low permeability of the shale combined with its limited production history makes predicting ultimate recovery very difficult, especially in the early life of a well. Use of Rate Transient Analysis makes the analysis of early production data possible, which involves solving an inverse problem. Unlike the traditional decline analysis, Rate Transient Analysis requires measured production rates and flowing pressures, which were provided by an operator based in the Eagle Ford. This study is divided into two objectives. The first objective is to analyze well performance data from Eagle Ford shale gas wells provided by an operator. This analysis adopts the use of probabilistic rate transient analysis to help quantify uncertainty. With this approach, it is possible to systematically investigate the allowable parameter space based on acceptable ranges of inputs such as fracture length, matrix permeability, conductivity and well spacing. Since well spacing and reservoir boundaries were unknown, a base case with a reservoir width of 1500 feet was assumed. This analysis presents a workflow that integrates probabilistic and analytical modeling for shale gas wells in an unconventional reservoir. To validate the results between probabilistic and analytical modeling, a percent difference of less than 15% was assumed as an acceptable range for the ultimate recoverable forecasts. Understanding the effect of existing completion on the cumulative production is of great value to operators. This information helps them plan and optimize future completion designs while reducing operational costs. This study addresses the secondary objective by generating an Artificial Neural Network model. Using database from existing wells, a neural network model was successfully generated and completion effectiveness and optimization analysis was conducted. A good agreement between the predicted model output values and actual values (R2 = 0.99) validated the applicability of this model. A completion optimization study showed that wells drilled in condensate-rich zones required higher proppant and liquid volumes, whereas wells in gas-rich zones required closer cluster spacing. Analysis results helped to identify wells which were either under-stimulated or over-stimulated and appropriate recommendations were made.

This book focuses on reservoir surveillance and management, reservoir evaluation and dynamic description, reservoir production stimulation and EOR, ultra-tight reservoir, unconventional oil and gas resources technology, oil and gas well production testing, and geomechanics. This book is a compilation of selected papers from the 11th International Field Exploration and Development Conference (IFEDC 2021). The conference not only provides a platform to exchanges experience, but also promotes the development of scientific research in oil & gas exploration and production. The main audience for the work includes reservoir engineer, geological engineer, enterprise managers, senior engineers as well as professional students.

Drilling and production wells are becoming more digitalized as oil and gas companies continue to implement machine learning andbig data solutions to save money on projects while reducing energy and emissions. Up to now there has not been one cohesiveresource that bridges the gap between theory and application, showing how to go from computer modeling to practical use. Methodsfor Petroleum Well Optimization: Automation and Data Solutions gives today's engineers and researchers real-time data solutionsspecific to drilling and production assets. Structured for training, this reference covers key concepts and detailed approaches frommathematical to real-time data solutions through technological advances. Topics include digital well planning and construction,moving teams into Onshore Collaboration Centers, operations with the best machine learning (ML) and metaheuristic algorithms,complex trajectories for wellbore stability, real-time predictive analytics by data mining, optimum decision-making, and case-basedreasoning. Supported by practical case studies, and with references including links to open-source code and fit-for-use MATLAB, R,Julia, Python and other standard programming languages, Methods for Petroleum Well Optimization delivers a critical training guidefor researchers and oil and gas engineers to take scientifically based approaches to solving real field problems. - Bridges the gap between theory and practice (from models to code) with content from the latest research developments supported by practical case study examples and questions at the end of each chapter - Enables understanding of real-time data solutions and automation methods available specific to drilling and production wells, suchas digital well planning and construction through to automatic systems - Promotes the use of open-source code which will help companies, engineers, and researchers develop their prediction and analysissoftware more quickly; this is especially appropriate in the application of multivariate techniques to the real-world problems of petroleum well optimization

As the shale revolution continues in North America, unconventional resource markets are emerging on every continent. In the next eight to ten years, more than 100,000 wells and one- to two-million hydraulic fracturing stages could be executed, resulting in close to one trillion dollars in industry spending. This growth has prompted professionals ex

Once a natural gas or oil well is drilled, and it has been verified that commercially viable, it must be "completed" to allow for the flow of petroleum or natural gas out of the formation and up to the surface. This process includes: casing, pressure and temperature evaluation, and the proper instillation of equipment to ensure an efficient flow out of the well. In recent years, these processes have been greatly enhanced by new technologies. Advanced Well Completion Engineering summarizes and explains these advances while providing expert advice for deploying these new breakthrough engineering systems. The book has two themes: one, the idea of preventing damage, and preventing formation from drilling into an oil formation to putting the well introduction stage; and two, the utilization of nodal system analysis method, which optimizes the pressure distribution from reservoir to well head, and plays the sensitivity analysis to design the tubing diameters first and then the production casing size, so as to achieve whole system optimization. With this book, drilling and production engineers should be able to improve operational efficiency by applying the latest state of the art technology in all facets of well completion during development drilling-completion and work over operations. - One of the only books devoted to the key technologies for all major aspects of advanced well completion activities. - Unique coverage of all aspects of well completion activities based on 25 years in the exploration, production and completion industry. - Matchless in-depth technical advice for achieving operational excellence with advance solutions.

The book explores the theoretical background of one of the most widespread activities in hydrocarbon wells, that of hydraulic fracturing. A comprehensive treatment of the basic phenomena includes: linear elasticity, stresses, fracture geometry and rheology. The diverse concepts of mechanics are integrated into a coherent description of hydraulic fracture propagation. The chapters in the book are cross-referenced throughout and the connections between the various phenomena are emphasized. The book offers readers a unique approach to the subject with the use of many numerical examples.