Naturally occurring or manufactured through chemical and/or physical processes, particulate materials are substances consisting of individual particles which have significance to the global economy, society and environments. Due to the diversity and intrinsic nature, manufacturing, handling and processing of particulate materials still face numerous challenges. Aimed at addressing these challenges, this book contains a selection of papers discussing the state-of-the-art research in particulate materials science that were presented at the UK-China Particle Technology Forum III held at Birmingham, UK in 2011. Classified into four distinct topics namely synthesis, characterisation, processing and modelling, the chapters showcase the advances in these areas including a range of advanced synthesis methods for example, spray-pyrolysis, supercritical fluid synthesis assisted with ultrasound, continuous synthesis using supercritical water, hydrothermal synthesis of nano-particulate materials and jet milling. For characterisation, various methods for characterising particulate materials at both particle and system levels are introduced and how these properties affect the behaviour of particulate materials in various processes, such as inhalation, filling, and consolidation, are discussed. In the processing section, recent advances such as capsule filling, micro-dosing, dry granulation, roll compaction, milling, and more are presented. The last section concerns mathematical and numerical modelling in particulate materials, for which the book includes both analytical methods and advanced numerical methods, such as discrete element methods (DEM), computational fluid dynamics (CFD), lattice Boltzmann methods (LBM), coupled DEM/CFD and DEM/LBM, and their applications. Particulate Materials is aimed at research communities dealing with these diverse materials, and scientists and engineers in powder handling industries, such as pharmaceutical, food, fine chemical and detergents.

Mechanics of Particulate Materials

The only handbook of mathematical relations with a focus on particulate materials processing The National Science Foundation estimates that over 35% of materials-related funding is now directed toward modeling. In part, this reflects the increased knowledge and the high cost of experimental work. However, currently there is no organized reference book to help the particulate materials community with sorting out various relations. This book fills that important need, providing readers with a quick-reference handbook for easy consultation. This one-of-a-kind handbook gives readers the relevant mathematical relations needed to model behavior, generate computer simulations, analyze experiment data, and quantify physical and chemical phenomena commonly found in particulate materials processing. It goes beyond the traditional barriers of only one material class by covering the major areas in ceramics, cemented carbides, powder metallurgy, and particulate materials. In many cases, the governing equations are the same but the terms are material-specific. To rise above these differences, the authors have assembled the basic mathematics around the following topical structure: Powder technology relations, such as those encountered in atomization, milling, powder production, powder characterization, mixing, particle packing, and powder testing Powder processing, such as uniaxial compaction, injection molding, slurry and paste shaping techniques, polymer pyrolysis, sintering, hot isostatic pressing, and forging, with accompanying relations associated with microstructure development and microstructure coarsening Finishing operations, such as surface treatments, heat treatments, microstructure analysis, material testing, data analysis, and structure-property relations Handbook of Mathematical Relations in Particulate Materials Processing is suited for quick reference with stand-alone definitions, making it the perfect complement to existing resources used by academic researchers, corporate product and process developers, and various scientists, engineers, and technicians working in materials processing.

Developments in Geomathematics 4: Sampling of Particulate Materials: Theory and Practice reviews the theory and practice of sampling particulate solids, such as ores and concentrates. With examples borrowed from the mining, metallurgical, and cement industries, the book examines particulate materials of vegetable and mineral origin, including cereals, oil seeds, sugar beets, granulated drosses or slags, bars, plates, and ingots. Organized into nine parts encompassing 34 chapters, this volume begins with an overview of the theory of sampling and sampling-error generating mechanisms. It then discusses the continuous selection and discrete models of the increment sampling process and the materialization of punctual increments. It explains the splitting process and its practical implementation in sampling. Lot and sample preparation, resolution of sampling problems, and problems associated with commercial sampling are also discussed. The book also describes the detection of measurement or sampling biases and inconspicuous losses of material, and the design of automatic sampling plants. This book is a valuable resource for geologists, mining engineers, metallurgists, and analysts.

"This publication represents the views and expert opinions of an IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risk to Humans, which met in Lyon, 8-15 October 2013."

Over half of the products of the chemical and process industries are sold in a particulate form. The range of such products is vast: from agrochemicals to pigments, from detergents to foods, from plastics to pharmaceuticals. However, surveys of the performance of processes designed to produce particulate products have consistently shown inadequate design and poor reliability. `Particle technology' is a new subject facing new challenges. Chemical and process engineering is becoming less concerned with the design of plants to produce generic simple chemicals (which are often single phase fluids) and is now more concerned with speciality `effect' chemicals which may often be in particulate form. Chemical and process engineers are also being recruited in increasing numbers into areas outside their tranditional fields, such as the food industry, pharmaceuticals and the manufacture of a wide variety of consumer products. This book has been written to meet their needs. It provides comprehensive coverage of the technology of particulate solids, in a form which is both accessible and concise enough to be useful to engineering and science students in the final year of an undergraduate degree, and at Master's level. Although it was written with students of chemical engineering in mind, it will also be of use and interest to students of other disciplines. It comprises an account of the fundamentals of teh subject, illustrated by worked examples, and followed by a wide range of selected applications.

The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) defines PM as a mixture of extremely small particles and liquid droplets comprising a number of components, including "acids (such as nitrates and sulfates), organic chemicals, metals, soil or dust particles, and allergens (such as fragments of pollen and mold spores)". The health effects of outdoor exposure to particulate matter (PM) are the subject of both research attention and regulatory action. Although much less studied to date, indoor exposure to PM is gaining attention as a potential source of adverse health effects. Indoor PM can originate from outdoor particles and also from various indoor sources, including heating, cooking, and smoking. Levels of indoor PM have the potential to exceed outdoor PM levels. Understanding the major features and subtleties of indoor exposures to particles of outdoor origin can improve our understanding of the exposureâ€"response relationship on which ambient air pollutant standards are based. The EPA's Indoor Environments Division commissioned the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine to hold a workshop examining the issue of indoor exposure to PM more comprehensively and considering both the health risks and possible intervention strategies. Participants discussed the ailments that are most affected by particulate matter and the attributes of the exposures that are of greatest concern, exposure modifiers, vulnerable populations, exposure assessment, risk management, and gaps in the science. This report summarizes the presentations and discussions from the workshop.

Written by an expert in the industry, this text addresses the specifics of contamination, including particle origination, characterization, identification, and elimination, with a special focus on quality. The author offers a clear and concise review of particle populations and their control in stability, efficacy, and predictability in the manufacture of healthcare products. He brings together information from over 100 Web sites and other sources and casts it into a practical framework that will help readers ensure their company's success. The book contains thirty-two color photomicrographs and over eighty figures, tables, and charts.