Data from Southeast Asia during the summer monsoons of 1967 and 1968 were studied by time series analysis. Spectral peaks corresponding to a period of about 5 days were found in radar data and in the meridional wind below 500 mb. The cross-spectra of meridional winds between pairs of stations suggested a westward propagation of waves over Southeast Asia with a period of approximately 5 days. Studies by others have revealed similar peaks in the meridional wind over the equatorial Pacific and have related these to westward propagating waves. Even though the summer monsoon differs greatly from the circulation in the equatorial Pacific, both have a tendency for oscillation at a period near 5 days and may be influenced by the same waves. (Author Modified Abstract).

All hydrographic data collected during the International Indian Ocean Expedition from 1960 to 1965, and additional data from previous years, have been compiled at the University of Hawaii so that an atlas of the physical oceanography of the Indian Ocean can be prepared. The present investigation, which is based on these data, is limited to a discussion of the effects of the monsoonal winds on the surface circulation north of 20 degrees S. Although the accumulated data is the most comprehensive material on the Indian Ocean, it is still very heterogeneous; hence, it was necessary to apply statistical criteria in order to remove errors and variations that were introduced partly by nonsynoptic observations. The first part of this investigation presents the dynamic topographies of the sea surface for spring, early summer, late summer, fall, and winter. The second part presents a theoretical model in an attempt to interpret the peculiarities of the monsoonal circulation.

This book presents a global overview examining monsoon variability in South Asia, Australian, South America and North American, as well as a focus on glaciers and monsoon systems. Monsoon systems are important components of the Earth's climate and play fundamental roles in water and energy balances. The variability and changes in the monsoons affect millions of people and the economies of many countries. This book presents the physical mechanisms involved with monsoon systems, including recent modeling advances addressing climate changes and future projections. The Monsoons and Climate Change will be of interest to both graduate students and researchers.

Weather and climate in West Africa are determined by the pronounced contrast between tropical, moist air masses over the Gulf of Guinea and the dry desert climate over the Sahara. This contrast results in an atmospheric circulation system which is called "West African monsoon." In the past, the knowledge about the factors that control the monsoon and its strength was limited due to the small number of high-quality observations. Therefore, little is known about the reasons for the significant decline of annual rainfall over the Sahel area during the past 40 years which represents the most pronounced climatic signal worldwide. During the past few years, intensive atmospheric observations were performed in the framework of the international project "African Monsoon Multidisciplinary Analyses" (AMMA) in order to obtain high-quality data and to improve the process understanding. This work gathered and analyzed remote sensing observations which were performed during the AMMA field campaigns, giving new insight into diurnal and annual cycles of atmospheric parameters, such as water vapor, temperature profiles, cloud cover, or wind with a temporal resolution never reached before.

The Multiscale Global Monsoon System is the 4th and most up-to-date edition of the global monsoon book series produced by a group of leading international experts invited by the World Meteorological Organization's Working Group on Tropical Meteorology Research. The contents reflect the state of the knowledge of all scales of monsoon in the world's monsoon regions. It includes 31 chapters in five parts: Regional Monsoons, Extreme Weather, Intraseasonal Variations, Climate Change, and Field Experiments.

The changes occurring in the temperature field in the Somali Basin and off the Arabian coast have been monitored from October 1975 through December 1979 by a time series of temperature sections obtained along the tanker sea lane offshore between 2 S and 22 N. The development and decay of the large eddy (up to roughly 600 km in diameter) in the northern Somali Basin and its smaller associated eddies were observed each southwest monsoon. Strong horizontal thermal gradients particularly in the upper 200 m occur at the eddy boundaries, and currents in this region can attain velocities of up to 7 knots. Monthly wind stress contoured for the western Indian Ocean clearly shows the southwest monsoon from May through September (with values over 4 dynes/sq. cm during July) to be considerably stronger than the northeast monsoon with a maximum in January. Maps of wind stress curl during the southwest monsoon show a large region of negative curl (over -4 x 10 to the-8th dynes/cc) to the northeast off the somali coast, whereas a region of a high positive curl occurs off the Arabian peninsula and in a small band off the Somali east coast north of 5 N. Sverdrup mass transports of up to 40 x 10 to the -12th g/sec to the north off the Somali coast are in rough agreement with observed values. (Author).