In this book, we present a study of linear models and algorithms to find the optimal solution for them using the concepts of neuroscientific science. We know that the linear programming method is one of the important methods of operations research, the science that was the product of the great scientific development that our contemporary world is witnessing. The name operations research is given to the group of scientific methods used. In analyzing problems and searching for optimal solutions, it is a science whose applications have achieved widespread success in various fields of life. What is meant by neutrosophic models are models in which the data are neutrosophic values, that is, variables such as in the objective function, which expresses profit if the model is a maximization model, and expresses a cost if the model is a minimization model, which in turn is affected by environmental conditions.

One of the most important theories in linear programming is the dualistic theory and its basic idea is that for every linear model has dual linear model, so that solving the original linear model gives a solution to the dual model. Therefore, when we solving the linear programming model, we actually obtain solutions for two linear models. In this research, we present a study of the models. The neutrosophic dual and the binary simplex algorithm, which works to find the optimal solution for the original and dual models at the same time. The importance of this algorithm is evident in that it is relied upon in several operations research topics, such as integer programming algorithms, some nonlinear programming algorithms, and sensitivity analysis in linear programming.

In this volume, we present a set of research that was published in cooperation with a number of researchers and those interested in keeping pace with the great scientific development that our contemporary world is witnessing, and one of its products was neutrosophic science, which was founded by the American scientist and mathematical philosopher Florentin Smarandache in 1995. Through it, we present a new vision for some research methods. Operations research to the concepts of this science.

The linear programming method is one of the important methods of operations research that has been used to address many practical issues and provided optimal solutions for many institutions and companies, which helped decision makers make ideal decisions through which companies and institutions achieved maximum profit, but these solutions remain ideal and appropriate in If the conditions surrounding the work environment are stable, because any change in the data provided will affect the optimal solution and to avoid losses and achieve maximum profit, we have, in previous research, reformulated the linear models using the concepts of neutrosophic science, the science that takes into account the instability of conditions and fluctuations in the work environment and leaves nothing to chance. While taking data, neutrosophic values carry some indeterminacy, giving a margin of freedom to decision makers. In another research, we reformulated one of the most important methods used to solve linear models, which is the simplex method, using the concepts of this science, and as a continuation of what we did in the previous two researches, we will reformulate in this research. The graphical method for solving linear models using the concepts of neutrosophics. We will also shed light on a case that is rarely mentioned in most operations research references, which is that when the difference between the number of unknowns and the number of constraints is equal to one, two, or three, we can also find the optimal solution graphically for some linear models. This is done by taking advantage of the conditions of non-negativity that linear models have, and we will explain this through an example in which the difference is equal to two. Also, through examples, we will explain the difference between using classical values and neutrosophic values and the extent of this’s impact on the optimal solution.

Operations research methods are among the modern scientific methods that have occupied a prominent place among the mathematical methods used in planning and managing various economic and military activities. They have been able to help specialists in developing ideal plans in terms of costs, production, storage, or investment of human energies. One of its most important methods is the method Linear programming, which was built based on the sets of linear equations that represent the constraints for any linear model. Based on the methods for solving the systems of linear equations, researchers were able to prepare algorithms for solving linear models, such as the direct Simplex algorithm and its modifications. After the emergence of neutrosophic science, we found that research methods had to be reformulated. Operations using the concepts of this science, and as a basis and foundation for neutrosophic linear programming. In this research, we will reformulate the systems of linear equations and some methods for solving them using the concepts of neutrosophic to be a basis for any study presented in the field of neutrosophic linear programming.

“Neutrosophic Sets and Systems” has been created for publications on advanced studies in neutrosophy, neutrosophic set, neutrosophic logic, neutrosophic probability, neutrosophic statistics that started in 1995 and their applications in any field, such as the neutrosophic structures developed in algebra, geometry, topology, etc. Neutrosophy is a new branch of philosophy that studies the origin, nature, and scope of neutralities, as well as their interactions with different ideational spectra. This theory considers every notion or idea together with its opposite or negation and with their spectrum of neutralities in between them (i.e. notions or ideas supporting neither nor ). The and ideas together are referred to as . Neutrosophy is a generalization of Hegel's dialectics (the last one is based on and only). According to this theory every idea tends to be neutralized and balanced by and ideas - as a state of equilibrium. In a classical way , , are disjoint two by two. But, since in many cases the borders between notions are vague, imprecise, Sorites, it is possible that , , (and of course) have common parts two by two, or even all three of them as well. Neutrosophic Set and Neutrosophic Logic are generalizations of the fuzzy set and respectively fuzzy logic (especially of intuitionistic fuzzy set and respectively intuitionistic fuzzy logic).

Papers on neutrosophic statistics, neutrosophic probability, plithogenic set, paradoxism, neutrosophic set, NeutroAlgebra, etc. and their applications.

Achieving the desired level of satisfaction for a decision-maker in any decision-making scenario is considered a challenging endeavor because minor modifications in the process might lead to incorrect findings and inaccurate decisions. In order to maximize the decision-maker’s satisfaction, this paper proposes a Single-valued Neutrosophic Geometric Programming model based on pentagonal fuzzy numbers. The decision-maker is typically assumed to be certain of the parameters, but in reality, this is not the case, hence the parameters are presented as neutrosophic fuzzy values. The decision-maker, with this strategy, is able to achieve varying levels of satisfaction and dissatisfaction for each constraint and even complete satisfaction for certain constraints. Here the decision maker aims to achieve the maximum level of satisfaction while maintaining the level of hesitation and minimizing dissatisfaction in order to retain an optimum solution. Furthermore, transforming the objective function into a constraint adds one more layer to the N-dimensional multi-parametrizes α, β and γ. The advantages of this multi-parametrized proposed method over the existing ones are proven using numerical examples.

Papers on neutrosophic and plithogenic sets, logics, probabilities and statistics, on NeutroAlgebra and AntiAlgebra, NeutroGeometry and AntiGeometry, SuperHyperAlgebra and Neutrosophic SuperHyperAlgebra, etc…

Graph theory is a specific concept that has numerous applications throughout many industries. Despite the advancement of this technique, graph theory can still yield ambiguous and imprecise results. In order to cut down on these indeterminate factors, neutrosophic logic has emerged as an applicable solution that is gaining significant attention in solving many real-life decision-making problems that involve uncertainty, impreciseness, vagueness, incompleteness, inconsistency, and indeterminacy. However, empirical research on this specific graph set is lacking. Neutrosophic Graph Theory and Algorithms is a collection of innovative research on the methods and applications of neutrosophic sets and logic within various fields including systems analysis, economics, and transportation. While highlighting topics including linear programming, decision-making methods, and homomorphism, this book is ideally designed for programmers, researchers, data scientists, mathematicians, designers, educators, researchers, academicians, and students seeking current research on the various methods and applications of graph theory.